The Decolonisation of Africa 1959-1964 Essay Example for Free

The Decolonisation of Africa 1959-1964 Essay How much was Britain ready to hold command over decolonisation in Africa somewhere in the range of 1959 and 1964? By 1959 decolonisation in British Africa was well under way, for instance, the Gold Coast in West Africa had gotten free in 1957, Nigeria and Sierra Leone were well headed to autonomy, and unsettling and propels towards autonomy were at that point occurring in Kenya and Tanganyika in Eastern Africa. By 1964 this had spread all through Britain’s African domains and a lot more had either gotten autonomous or begun their excursion and advancement towards autonomy, as the â€Å"political face of the landmass was transformed†[1]. This exposition will inspect what it was that prompted this immense change in strategy towards Africa, from a period toward the start of the 1950s when nobody expected any of Britain’s provinces to get autonomous inside an age, let alone inside 10 years, to a period in the mid-1960s when Britain’s pioneer assets in Africa were seriously diminishing and there was an away from of strategy towards decolonisation there. Indeed, even in 1959, as Hemming perceives, â€Å"a meeting of East African governors concurred that the imaginable schedule of autonomy would be: Tanganyika in 1970, Kenya in 1975 and Uganda somewhere close to the two†[2]. Actually Tanganyika picked up autonomy in 1961, Kenya in 1963 and Uganda in 1962. As Hemming recognizes, â€Å"a multi year plan had been decreased by 80 percent†[3]. This paper will take a gander at such inquiries as: How would we be able to pass judgment if Britain was in charge? ; Was Britain in charge of the pace, or the real procedure of occasions of how autonomy occurred? ; Was Britain in charge of who to move capacity to? This article will endeavor to respond to these inquiries by looking at all of the different issues, and weights with which Britain was confronted in regards to its African states, which can been believed to have assumed the responsibility for decolonisation in Africa somewhere in the range of 1959 and 1964 out of Britain’s hands. It will take a gander at whether Britain truly needed to keep up control of its pilgrim domains, or whether, when Britain had chosen not to keep its provinces, it really would not like to stay in charge of decolonisation in Africa. Now and again did it really make it simpler for England to permit control of African decolonisation **** out of its hands. This exposition will analyze whether it is sure that once the ‘wind of change’ of African patriotism started spreading through Africa, that Britain was not so much in charge, and, will inspect the degree to which Britain retained control, in the event that it did by any means. It will take a gander at the weights the British government needed to manage, for instance, pressures from the UN to end British dominion, pressures from the US, and weights from different individuals from the Commonwealth, just as from the remainder of Europe. It will inspect the quality of frontier patriotism and the degree to which this assumed the responsibility for decolonisation in Africa away from Britain, or if nothing else constrained the British government to change and adjust its approach so as to adapt and arrangement to this danger. This exposition will see pressures at home in Britain, from individuals from the administration and those in restriction just as British general sentiment, and the degree to which this influenced Britain’s strategy over decolonisation. It will likewise take a gander at the effect and impact that the procedure of decolonisation being sought after by other European royal powers in Africa had on Britain’s decolonisation strategy. It will take a gander at how much the longing of Britain to keep up its job as a politically influential nation, and keep up, for instance, the unique relationship with America, and its situation in the Commonwealth, had on British approach over decolonisation and whether this craving prompted Britain seeking after a strategy course which it in any case would not have done. At last, having analyzed every one of these weights and occasions which influenced Britain’s decolonisation strategy in Africa, this article will endeavor to look at how much Britain was, or was not, ready to hold command over this procedure, and influence it in a way which was adequate to Britain. It will at that point attempt and make an evaluation, regardless of whether Britain retained command over decolonisation in Africa in the period from 1959 to 1964, and, if Britain was in charge, the degree of this control.

The Impacts Of Minimum Wages Policy Economics Essay

The Impacts Of Minimum Wages Policy Economics Essay In light of the chart over, the amount flexibly of neighborhood work before setting the lowest pay permitted by law (P1) is at Q1. Subsequent to setting the lowest pay permitted by law (P2), the amount gracefully of nearby work increments to Q2. The amount gracefully of absolute work before setting the lowest pay permitted by law (P1) is at Q4. In the wake of setting the lowest pay permitted by law (P2), the amount request diminishes to Q3. Inferable from the explanation that setting the lowest pay permitted by law, deficiencies of neighborhood work at JKL emerges at the lowest pay permitted by law of P2 and overflow of outside work at EKM emerges at the lowest pay permitted by law of P2. The setting of least wages will expand the joblessness rate since businesses will hope to recruit increasingly particular workers or less representatives to keep up sound edges (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). A case of joblessness from ordering would be Washington. Washingtons youngster joblessness in 1999 was 19.7% and as ordering was applied its high schooler joblessness expanded to 29.7% in year 2008 (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). The accompanying chart delineates the development in youngster joblessness rates in Washington (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). It used to contrast and the joblessness paces of the remainder of United States. This chart shows that when the lowest pay permitted by law rises organizations enlist less representatives to work. For retailers, this implies less workers on the floor offering, keeping up stock and helping clients to discover items. For instance, stores which center around client care won't have the option to make such clearing representative reductions (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). Market Basket, a supermarket evolved way of life based out of Massachussetts is a case of a store concentrating on consumer loyalty, which faces issue on raising least wages. Market Basket recruits numerous youthful youngsters to keep the floor brimming with representatives to help the clients however much as could reasonably be expected. They likewise attempt to ensure the store spotless, respectable and answer clients questions. Accordingly, when setting the lowest pay permitted by law, it will powers Market Basket and different administrations centers retailers cut backs in differ ent zones (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). Other than that, if the administration setting least wages strategy, it will influence the profitability and productivity of businesses or makers (Chua, 2008). When there is the lowest pay permitted by law strategy, the makers will look for elective approach to diminish the quantity of representatives, for example, exchange new machine and new mechanical so as to spare the expense of creation in long haul premise. For instance, there are two similarly gainful specialists relegated to clear a lush parcel. The primary laborer is given a scoop and a hatchet, the second, piece of machinery. Along these lines, the subsequent specialist is increasingly beneficial contrast and first laborer in light of the fact that difficult work can't contend with better innovation (Matthew B. Kibbe, 1998). What's more, least wages approach causes swelling in the nation. At the point when the administration set higher least wages strategy, the makers can't adapt to expenses of creation. It will make the costs of all items increment enormously. Consequently, the populace, particularly the low pay class, would think that its increasingly hard to remain in the high living use society. In light of the financial expert, this known as cost-push swelling (Michael Pollick, 2010). An expansion in the government the lowest pay permitted by law will build the expenses of creation, which in this way brings about an expanded cost for buyers. Businesses want to employ outsiders since they are charge lower compensation and are all the more ready to work additional hours (Loh, 2009). In year 2008, outside non-inhabitants people represent 1.2 million individuals of the whole populace and with the presumption that remote work from Singapore isn't outside ability. In this manner, if the nation sets the base wages approach, it will diminish reliance on remote work since Malaysians will be conceded need in work position contrasted with outside specialists (Chua, 2008). Therefore, the lowest pay permitted by law arrangement would carry focal points and weaknesses to Malaysia and her populace. To decrease the impact of the disservices of the lowest pay permitted by law, the Malaysian government needs to work out the best path on diminishing the weaknesses of the lowest pay permitted by law strategy with the goal that administration and populace can pick up as much as advantages as trusted. The legislature would need to investigate the subtleties relating to the weaknesses of the lowest pay permitted by law arrangement, for example, the chance of increment in remote work rather than nearby works and consider other potential issues that could emerge. Question 2 2.1 Introduction Total national output (GDP) is characterized as the absolute market estimation of a countrys yield. It is the market estimation of every single last great and administrations created inside a given timeframe by elements of creation situated inside a nation (Case Fair, 2002). The creation of a given estimation of products and ventures would produce an equivalent estimation of salary. Along these lines, the fundamental correspondence between the GDP and gross local salary shows that the GDP can be estimated both as the all out estimation of yield created and as the pay produced in delivering that yield (Tregarthen, 1996). Accordingly, in the accompanying article, GDP per capita is utilized as a proportion of monetary development and expectations for everyday comforts of a nation over some stretch of time. 2.2 Measuring Economic Output Performance A countrys monetary yield execution is at present estimated utilizing the GDP of the nation. A strategy rehearsed by practically all nations directly. The GDP is a broadly utilized and acknowledged technique for financial estimation in numerous nations. It is refreshed much of the time and observed by explicit national factual bodies to guarantee the best precision of the financial estimation (Madsen, 2006). Gross domestic product empowers the nation organizers and monetary organizers to screen the financial pattern of the nation in a standard, occasional premise. In spite of the normalized GDP, there are numerous impediments to this idea. One of these constraints is GDP per capita neglects to incorporate non-promoted yield and family creation. Gross domestic product per capita does exclude the estimation of the exertion and time put into giving family merchandise and ventures (Tregarthen, 1996). For instance, a family repainted their home without anyone else without utilizing the administrations of a talented painter. Their time and exertion was excluded from the figuring of the GDP. Be that as it may, if the family utilizes the administration of a gifted painter to repaint their home, the worth would be included into the GDP. These would appear in the GDP. Be that as it may, it doesn't mirror the genuine increment underway. It might mirror a move underway from a class that is excluded from the GDP (eg. family creation) to another classification that is incorporated. Gross domestic product additionally neglects to incorporate natural corruption (Waterson, 2010). An expanding salary and development of a nation could be occuring to the detriment of the earth. Quick creating nations risk making negative externalities nature. The assembling segment could be contributing a great deal to the countries GDP, in any case, the division could likewise be the significant supporter of the air contamination in the region because of the smoke discharged. The dirtied air can mess breathing up and sicknesses among the neighboring social orders. Besides, salary got from the bootleg market and charitable effort isn't represented in the GDP (Madsen, Dec 2006). On account of the underground market, there are no reports of creation to the administration to dodge charge and the law. For instance, the secret exercises, similar to prostitution, human dealing, and medication dealing, are extremely worthwhile. Notwithstanding, they are not announced as a result of the law. On account of humanitarian effort and magnanimous associations, they don't acquire pay in any case. In this manner, it isn't accounted for in the GDP in spite of the yield produced. 2.3 Measuring Rising Standard of Living The most well-known proportion of way of life is the utilization of genuine GDP per capita (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 2003). Genuine GDP per capita is the expansion balanced GDP per capita. Expecting different angles stay equivalent, a continued increment in genuine GDP would build the countrys way of life gave the yield increments at a quicker rate contrasted with the all out populace (Riley, 2006). The benefit of utilizing genuine GDP per capita is that the nation organizers and economy organizers can create financial arrangements and advancement plans since the pattern in the GDP per capita at a particular period would mirror the expectations for everyday comforts of the populace (Madsen, 2006). Along these lines, identifying with the paper article in the inquiry, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak, had uncovered the New Economic Model 2010 in light of the fact that the administration accepts that the expectations for everyday comforts of Malaysians can be additionally improved. In any case, there are restrictions to the use of genuine GDP per capita as a proportion of expectations for everyday comforts. The inability to consider the dissemination of salary is one of its weaknesses. Since genuine GDP per capita (per capita salary) is a pointer of the normal expectation for everyday comforts of individual individuals from the populace, it can't extend the real expectations for everyday comforts of the populace (Madsen, 2006). Pay of the populace shifts as per the geological area (Hillstrom, n.d.). Some portion of the populace might be getting their salary from the assembling business while another part could be acquiring their pay from the travel industry segment. Per capita salary likewise fluctuates incredibly all through the world. As per Susan Dentzer in U.S. News and World Report, in 1988 the best 20 percent of nations around the world (in view of yearly national salary) announced per capita pay calculates a normal of multiple times more prominent than the last 20 percent of nations. As of the last quarter of 2009, Malaysias per capita pay (Gross National Income per capita) figure remains at RM25,201 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010). The genuine GDP likewise doesn't take into

VAK Learning Styles Understanding How Team Members Learn

VAK Learning Styles Understanding How Team Members Learn How do you want to learn? Do you like looking at pictures and feel that they speak to you? Do you feel that you can hear and remember things better?Or, do you want to know how you can learn better?As a team leader, you need to look at team productivity.And yet, not everyone learns the same way.Before we head off to how you can take a look at the different ways to make your team members be more attentive, let’s take a look at what type of a learner you are.THE VAK MODELVAK model is what you need to take a look at if you want to know more about your learning style. VAK, expanded as Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic, is comparatively easy to learn and can help you in understanding your own personality and thoughts.The model, developed in the 1920s by psychologists and some of the teaching specialists such as Fernald, Keller, Orton, Gillingham, Stillman, and Montessori, suggests that we tend to learn the one way out of the three.Yet interestingly, we like to use all the three to convey what we want to say or listen.What Works for You?Everyone out there has their own phenomena to perceive things.Some might relate MORE to visual, some to auditory and some to kinesthetic.It totally depends on you and so, there is no wrong or right way to learn.You tend to learn in a way which suits them the best.You would normally know what your learning process is and what method fits you the best. To be honest, it can be any out of the three.For example, if I talk about kindergarten kids, they are taught by using a mix of all the three methods i.e. Kinesthetic.If I talk about teenagers, they tend to learn through visuals more and talking about higher grade students, auditory is the best source for them.The learning technique surely depends from person to person and changes according to the needs.People generally use a different style for different tasks.The Intelligence Test to Know What Method is Suited to YouConfused as to how you should learn?Or, are you a team member trying to understand how to make your team members learn in the fastest way?If so, read on.In 1904, a French psychologist, Alfred Binet, developed the intelligence test. This test brought out the difference between individual interests.In 1907, Dr. Maria Montessori, inventor of the Montessori method, started using the instruments which enhanced the learnings of the students. After this period, the use of learning styles was decreased severely until 1950, when there occurred the IQ tests, reasonability tests, aptitude tests and more focus on academics.In 1956, a system was developed by Benjamin Bloom, known as Bloom’s Taxonomy. This system took the learning styles a step ahead.In 1976, Dunn and Dunn style model was introduced which helped the students to respond to different types of instruments used.Since 1980 to present, different methods have been created and used for learning styles. More emphasis was placed on classroom training so that students can learn accordingly.In recent times, pe dagogy has also been in use.This method is used to train the teachers and make them learn about the learning styles so that they can incorporate different methods and can teach the students about it.Today, we can see the increasing use of online courses, which are also helping students to learn and as a result the use of learning styles has increased and is challenging students to learn and understand.Normally people have a preferred learning style.You may even make the use of two or three learning styles simultaneously.THE FLEMING EXPERIMENTTo identify what type of learner one is, Fleming introduced self-report inventory, which showed series of questions based on situations and respondents were asked to match the answers which they preferred and are best for them.For example:You have to learn a specific style of dancing. How will you learn this skill?By listening to instructionsBy looking at the picturesBy seeing performing someoneBefore starting with the VAK model, let’s look at David Kolb model, based on the processing continuum and perception continuum: David Kolb Model  (adapted from www.simplypsychology.org)The diagram also represents the different learning styles.Which one do you think you are from the graph above?We will explain them in detail below.Converging involves thinking and doing. These learners are specialists and find their ways to do work. They bring out new ideas and perform them.Accommodating involves feeling and then doing the task. These people use a hands-on approach to recognize and learn new things. They like to do more practical and challenging things.Assimilating involves thinking and watching. These people tend to learn by reading and give time to themselves to think.Diverging involves feeling and watching. These people prefer to watch others doing things rather than doing themselves. They perform well with brainstorming and have a good sense of communication.THE VAK MODEL â€" WHAT IS IT?Did you know that auditory learners make up as much as 30% of the population? Or that there are as many as 65% people who understand visually first?On the other hand, those who learn by kinesthetic is just around 5%.To understand this model, there are three learning styles of VAK. They are:VISUALAUDITORYKINESTHETICThese learners will respond to phrases like:These learners will respond to phrases like:These learners will respond to phrases like:I see what you mean.That rings a bell.That feels right.I get the picture.I hear what you are saying.How does that grab you?What’s your view?That sounds okay to me.Let me try.1. Visual LearnersDo you love to learn through visuals?You’re the first kind then and like pictures, charts, videos, demonstrations, and other materials.This method helps to visualize and brings out the imagination.M-learning or video-based learning has made a permanent mark in the world of education already.In fact, the term is now commonly used in the science of learning and cognition when referring to gaining knowledge via videos.Whether you want to learn about practical skills or theo ry; there is an online course out there for everyone.What makes M-learning unique is that it uses both auditory and visual cues.As a result, an employee is able to perceive the data better.Since it is a digital method, it does not require anyone to take extra steps in order to listen and view the information at the same time.Usually, the primary points are displayed on the screen while the topic is explained in detail through the audio.Visual learners find it easier to remember the important details associated with the topic later because of the pictorial imprint, something you would want to consider.Visual learning also includes mind mapping.How does it help you as a team leader?Let’s put it this way mind mapping decentralizes the topic into many points.All you need is to show a chart and if your team members are visual learners, they will know what you’re looking for.As a team leader, adopt methods that help the team members to understand and learn.For one, team members can u se the pictures or diagrams to learn new skills and observe new things accordingly.Top Strategies That You Can Use on Visual LearnersUse graphs, charts, and diagrams â€" they love to see, and you can offer plenty of it.It’s a great idea to use handouts, maps and making notes out of these.Convert the written information into visual information if needed.Drawing the pictures on the sidelines to understand better.Think in pictures and colors to remember.Use of facial expressions.Highlighting the important text in the book.Use glossary or indexes to remember and learn.Writing down the things or using flash cards can help.Using post-it notes to jot down points is another strategy to use.Writing down the keywords.Creating a mind map.2.     Auditory LearnersDo you find you talking to yourself? Would you rather not look at things other than reading to learn?If you love to learn through talking, speaking, verbal lessons, and discussions, you belong here.You will love speaking and listening to tape recorders too.For you, lectures are a great way to understand things.If only, it was the same for everyone else out there!You will also find yourself focusing more on the small parts and later on the bigger picture to learn and understand.As a result, you can write the responses well after hearing, and learn via recognizing pitch and sound.Want to know another good thing about all of this? You wouldn’t be perturbed with the background noises be it that favorite television show or a catchy   music.Instead, background noise helps them to remember the things.So, you tend to remember the names and forget the faces, a reason you can become good speakers.What adds to your skill set is that you can memorize well and easily understand the traditional teaching techniques.If you are a team leader, you will love talking about the team members,   and organizing meetings and discussions.So, what do you do if you’ve team members who like to learn with the auditory approach?The Top S trategies to be used by Auditory learners:Give handouts and mention details thoroughly.Include group activities like brainstorming sessions, debates, storytelling and more.Discuss ideas and repeat instructions to make them remember.Rather than reading notes, use recording class notesMake use of speech recognition techniques available, or even use audio tapes.Encourage team members to attend corporate meetings.3. Kinesthetic LearnersDo you’ve team members who you think learn while touching, doing and moving?While they can be extremely productive if you do things the right way, they require an extremely unconventional approach compared to the two instances we talked above.A hands-on approach is best for them to learn.They might even love open offices more, as they can interact with others.While only a few like to learn in a similar way, they are a unique proposition in themselves.Here is what you need to know about them as a team leader.Can’t sit for long hours and may be easily d istracted.It is a learning style which uses the simulation of nerves in the body muscles and joints.The preference is to do physical activities more than any other activity like- listening or watching videos.Here is the thing Kinesthetic learners show no interest in reading or listening.They tend to show interest in hands-on activities and does with confidence. Practical activities are best for them.They love working in laboratories, workshops, or even in simulations; environments where they can be fully active.The background music isn’t a worry â€" they feel it soothing and can work easily with it.You might want these learners to have duties that involve past considerations â€" they do tend to ‘remember’ past experiences.Top Strategies to Use On Kinesthetic LearnersPlaying of background music helps improve productivity.Hands-on activities work better.Playing games can help them learn quickerDoing work in whatever way they feel comfortable.Since they are more intent on ‘doi ng’ rather than sitting around, team building activities work great for them.These learners also tend to take more risk, and so can be rewarding for your organization in the longer run.That being said, there are some disadvantages to kinesthetic learning as well.As a team leader, you may only have a few team members intent on following such a method.You may need special assistance.Not all exercises include hands-on approach.Kinesthetic learners just aren’t good listeners.THE GUIDE TO MAKING THE TEAM LEARNHere is all that you need to know to make your team learn faster, while ensuring everyone remains happy.1. Identifying Learning Styles for TeamAs a manager, you face numerous challenges in the workplace.Recognizing the different learning styles and effective training methods can help you achieve higher productivity.Whether visual or auditory or kinesthetic, employees have to be provided with different measures so that they can work easily.Failure can lead to demotivation, leadin g to unhappy employees.2. Training Team Members for Effective WorkingAfter identifying the learning styles of team members, as a manager you have to train employees. Here is how you can go about it.Introducing different materials and learning styles suitable for everyone.Take into consideration that every employee has their own working capability.Encourage group learning sessions.Create, organize and distribute materials the right way.Giving time to team members to learn, and appreciating their learning style.Looking to know how you can make your team members understand better? Here is a questionnaire to help you out.3. Don’t Forget VideosVideos remain a great way to engage and teach.You don’t need to devote time to have your employees watch every video. Instead, you could use m-learning to help them out.M-learning courses are split up into a series of videos that are short and to the point. It can help team members’ process and remember it better.The short length of the video s is especially of help when teaching difficult courses because team members do not get overwhelmed.One of the reasons why M-learning is becoming so popular is that the videos are accessible anywhere.All you need are smartphones to use them.You do not have to drag around heavy books every time you want to learn something new or master a skill.Let your employees sit and study how they want to.If you are worried about the phones storage getting full, do not worry because all the materials can be accessed online.You can even have courses that inspire students to pay attention.Healthcare e-learning companies, for instance, are trying to make their courses as detailed as possible so that students are never stuck.Resources and reading materials are provided with the course to support the videos.4. Focusing on the Right Training StrategiesThe way how employees communicate show their learning style and how they want to perform. And the right training strategy can help them.Let’s take a fe w real life examples.Deb Peterson is a learning and development consultant, and also the owner of Marvelous! Magazine. When she organizes workshops, she asks employees to form a half circle.Team members sit on the one side of the semi-circle according to their capabilities depending on holistic or analytical.After this, Peterson has each side explaining their experiences to the other side.If both sides of team members work together, they can easily communicate and find the balance in performing the task.It can help the team members to learn what others are thinking and help them to work together and also helps them to learn new techniques and also gain knowledge.That’s not the only instance. Roz Bahrami, on the other hand, works for the organization SkyPrep, an organization that specializes in employee training software.She states how employees that follow the VAK method of learning styles are the most efficient one.Also known as the VARK, it includes- Visual, Auditory, Reading an d Kinesthetic, a method that helps the employees to learn different methods and also make them more efficient to work.MAKING IT THE RIGHT MIX TO GET MOREMost of the employees contain the traits of two or more styles.So, learning all can be beneficial and also helps them to get accustomed to styles.Most employees prefer digital training because they get to learn new techniques and more information is available online.Digital training also helps in reducing the time and money. It enables to train employees effectively and also employees have the benefit to select the timings according to their schedule.Though there are more benefits of digital learning, you may be hesitant to try it out first.If you’ve middle aged employees, they may be averse to trying out something as new as this.So, what do you do if your employees do not prefer the digital learning system? You will need to look at other methods then, as it’s importantIf your employees find it difficult to learn because of the generation gap, it’s important to not push it.The system or else, may work as a demotivation for them and you wouldn’t get the results you are looking for.SO, WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO TRAIN YOUR EMPLOYEES?If you’ve someone who likes to learn through videos, it’s time to introduce m-learning content to them.If you have someone who loves to read papers, it’s time to give them some great training manuals.And if you’ve someone who likes to listen, invite them over to those meetings.It’s about giving the right role and responsibility to the right person.Not everyone is meant to work in every role, and while you would love the amphibians who can juggle different work responsibilities seamlessly, you don’t have to depend on everyone for it.Instead, the right work strategy is to help people be in their comfort zone, while giving them new challenges.If your employees aren’t able to learn things the way they want, they wouldn’t be able to proceed to that next step.In short, there is no best way method to train employees. Employees learn from whatever technique they will prefer to learn.Some employees love to learn online while some will prefer offline methods.It is all up to individual preferences, and the employee will stick to one they think they can give their best in.In fact, using two or more techniques can result in more benefit, progress, and performance.

Cannonball Jellyfish Facts

The cannonball jellyfish (Stomolophus meleagris) gets its common name from its appearance, which is about the same size and general shape as a cannonball. While the cannonball jellyfish can secrete a toxin, it does not have the long, stinging tentacles normally associated with jellyfish. Instead, it has short oral arms that give rise to its scientific name, which means many mouthed hunter. Fast Facts: Cannonball Jellyfish Scientific Name: Stomolophus meleagrisCommon Names: Cannonball jellyfish, cabbagehead jellyfish, jellyballBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: 7-10 inches wide, 5 inches tallWeight: 22.8 ouncesLifespan: 3-6 monthsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf shoresPopulation: DecreasingConservation Status: Not evaluated Description Cannonballs have robust, dome-shaped bells that range from 7 to 10 inches in width and about 5 inches in height. The bell of jellyfish in the Atlantic and Gulf is milky or jelly, often featuring a rim shaded with brown pigment. Cannonball jellyfish from the Pacific are blue. An average cannonball weighs around 22.8 ounces. The cannonball jellyfish has 16 short, forked oral arms and mucus-coated secondary mouth folds or scapulets. The sexes are separate animals, but they look alike. Cannonball jellyfish in the Pacific Ocean are blue. Rodrigo Friscione / Getty Images Habitat and Range The species lives in estuaries and along coastal shorelines of the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. In the western Atlantic, it is found from New England to Brazil. It lives in the eastern Pacific from California to Ecuador, and in the western Pacific from the Sea of Japan to the South China Sea. The cannonball thrives in tropical to semi-tropical saltwater with a temperature around 74 degrees Fahrenheit. Diet The cannonball jellyfish is a carnivore that feeds on fish eggs, red drum fish larvae, and planktonic larvae of mollusks and snails (veligers). The jellyfish feeds by sucking water into its mouth fold when its bell contracts. Behavior Most jellyfish are at the mercy of the wind and waves for movement, but the cannonball uses its oral arms to swim. When the jellyfish is disturbed, it dives deeper into the water and releases toxin-containing mucus. The toxin drives away most predators and may help the cannonball trap and disable small prey. The jellyfish can sense light, gravity, and touch. While social communication between cannonballs is not well-understood, sometimes the jellyfish form large groups. Reproduction and Offspring The cannonball jellyfish life cycle includes sexual and asexual phases. Cannonballs become sexually mature in their medusa state, which is the jellyfish form most people recognize. Male jellyfish eject sperm from their mouths, which are captured by oral arms of females. Special pouches in the oral arms serve as nurseries for the embryos. Three to five hours after fertilization, larvae detach from the pouches and float until they attach themselves to a firm structure. The larvae grow into polyps, which trap small prey with tentacles and reproduce asexually by budding. The offspring detach and become ephyra, which eventually morph into the adult medusa form. The average lifespan of a cannonball jellyfish is 3 to 6 months, but they are preyed upon at all life stages, so few make it to maturity. The jellyfish life cycle includes sexual and asexual phases. Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has not assigned the cannonball jellyfish a conservation status. The species is ecologically important because it is the primary prey of the endangered leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). The population size varies from year to year. In summer and early autumn, the cannonball jellyfish is the most abundant type of jellyfish off the Atlantic coast from South Carolina to Florida. A study conducted by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR) from 1989 to 2000 found a steady decline in population numbers. Threats Cannonball jellyfish numbers are highly dependent on water temperature. The species is also affected by water pollution, algae blooms, and prey density. Cannonball jellyfish are at risk from overfishing, but some states oversee management plans for commercial fishing of the species. Cannonball Jellyfish and Humans Dried cannonball jellyfish are in demand as high-protein food and traditional medicine in Asia. Cannonballs commonly wash ashore off the coast of the southeastern United States. In the rare instances of stings, minor skin and eye irritation may result. However, the toxin the jellyfish release when disturbed can cause cardiac problems in humans and animals, including irregular heartbeat and myocardial conduction problems. While dried jellyfish are safe to eat, its best to keep children and pets away from live or beached animals. Sources Corrington, J.D. Commensal association of a spider crab and a medusa. Biology Bulletin. 53:346-350, 1927.  Fautin, Daphne Gail. Reproduction of Cnidaria. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 80 (10): 1735–1754, 2002. doi:10.1139/z02-133Hsieh, Y-H.P.; F.M. Leong; Rudloe, J. Jellyfish as food. Hydrobiologia 451:11-17, 2001.  Shanks, A.L. and W.M. Graham. Chemical defense in a scyphomedusa. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 45: 81–86, 1988. doi:10.3354/meps045081Toom, P.M.; Larsen, J.B.; Chan, D.S.; Pepper, D.A.; Price, W. Cardiac effects of Stomolophus meleagris (cabbage head jellyfish) toxin. Toxicon. 13 (3): 159–164, 1975. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(75)90139-7

Thirty-One Years Ago, My Parents Were Illegal Immigrants

Thirty-one years ago, my parents were illegal immigrants that came to The United States to reach the American dream just like a U.S. Citizen. With hard work, dedication, and with the help of an amnesty they were able to reach their goals and provide a good reputation to this country. But how do illegal immigrants benefit The United States? Government budget surplus, agriculture food prices and the economy are one of many reasons why illegal immigrants reflect an important benefit in The United States. Going back to history, in 1607, a group British people immigrated to America creating colonies on the East coast of North America. They claimed to be settlers instead of immigrants and their territory claimed to be govern by England. All†¦show more content†¦President Trump said: When Mexico sends its people, they re not sending their best. They re not sending you. They re not sending you. They re sending people that have lots of problems, and they re bringing those problems with us. They re bringing drugs. They re bringing crime. They re rapists. And some, I assume, are good people. President Donald Trump has order the arrest and deportation of undocumented immigrants that have committed minor crimes and offences like a DUI. I agree with President Trump with the deportation of illegal immigrants that have criminal records because they are a threat to our families and our country, but unfortunately the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers are taking any illegal immigrant that is among those people that have criminal records. First, illegal immigrants benefit the government budget surplus just like an American Citizen. For a fact, most illegal immigrants that work in the United States pays taxes like American citizens and don’t rely on government programs like welfare and food stamps. For instance, I asked my parents how did they filed taxes back then? 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Juvenile Life Imprisonment Free Essays

Kirsten Shew A Juvenile’s Right to Change Making mistakes is part of human nature and the progression of self-identity. People do it all of the time, and among people even children make mistakes. Sometimes, the degree of the mistake is minor and other times it is disturbingly extensive. We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile Life Imprisonment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Either way, a punishment is almost mandatory and in the case of an extensive punishment life imprisonment is only too often considered and acted upon. Shutting a child away in prison should be out of the question for three main reasons: they have a chance at rehabilitation, such an immense degree of punishment is unconstitutional and juveniles are in no way the same as adults. As a teen, you are most vulnerable to the shaping of beliefs, identity and viewpoints. Currently, there are over 2,500 individuals serving life without parole due to a crime they committed when they were as young as 13. When you send a child to prison for life, they arrive there just as that – a child. They are vulnerable and they are frightened. Change, for them, seems like the best decision in the world at that moment and later in their future it could be the best choice they had made. Teen offenders who commit mass crimes such as homicide or battery are often sentenced to an adult prison instead of a juvenile rehabilitation center. In an adult prison, a juvenile learns the ways of these older peers who have the extreme power to influence them and teach them the ways of a true criminal. In a juvenile rehabilitation center, they are surrounded by other teens that had committed crimes relatable to theirs and are influenced by other’s desires to change and become a real member of society. In an article by Steven Silverman, he talks about case of Zachary Watson and Emmanuel Miller who had both committed what was to believe a hate crime and had both asked to be sent to juvenile court. Miller’s wish had been granted and Watson’s had been refuted. In adult prison, Watson was stabbed and repeatedly harassed while Miller, in juvenile prison, received his GED, played on the football team and obtained amazing observations from his teachers. In another case, there was a boy, Scott Fillipi, who shot his mother and after he was released from prison he joined the army and became a member of the Presidential Honor Guard. Also, Charles Dutton killed a person at the age of 17 and is now an award winning actor-producer. Based on where hey spend their sentence, in a rehabilitation center or an adult prison, it will determine how well the individual will progress. In Missouri they constructed a juvenile system where, after leaving, only 8 percent of juveniles ended up back in prison. Rehabilitation offers children another chance to right their wrongs and become a real member of society. The eighth amendment of the U. S constitution states, â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish ments inflicted. In 1999, Kuntrell Jackson robbed a video store with his friends and soon found out his friend had murdered the store clerk with a shotgun. He was 14 years old and was sentenced to life without parole even though he was not the shooter; the shooter received life with the possibility of parole. Rodrigo Caballero was a diagnosed schizophrenic and gang member who had shot three rival gang members and was condemned to 110 years in prison. To send a child away from society, their friends, and their family and shut them away for the rest of their life is callous and unnecessary. Putting them into an adult prison is like offering the prisoners fresh meat; the juvenile would likely be handed over to sexual predators and no child, no matter the crime committed, should have to go through something so horrendous. They are more likely to get beat, raped or commit suicide in adult prison than through the juvenile justice system. If it were a 53 year old man who had viciously murdered another human being, to lock him away for the rest of his life is adequate. Since a 53 year old man is far beyond the ripeness of growing mentally, he is unlikely to ever come back from that mental state that left him to take a life. There was a study held by The Human Rights Watch and The American Civil Liberties Union that showed that many of the young prisoners admitted to struggling with hallucinations, anxiety and depression while in the adult prisons. The more humane act of punishment would be to send them to a juvenile justice system where they would be offered counseling and mental health services. One crime does not define who the child is and their beliefs and desires. They do not deserve to have their positive mental health forced from them when it should be preserved by the people who are supposed to protect them, not put them in harm’s way. The correction officials have a duty to protect us and the responsibility to save the future generations from everlasting scarring when they are put in the hands of the adult justice system and still have so much to offer the world. If someone has the capability to be rehabilitated, then why would another person take that chance away from them? When people think of adults, they often imagine somebody who is mature and sophisticated and someone who has seen the world for what it is. But, when people think of adolescents they think of someone who is ripe in their education, immature, prone to influence and just mentally different than an adult. Just because an adolescent commits an atrocious crime does not infer that they are any more grown up than any other child their age. Young children are more likely to break rules and act on impulses than adults; they have a lower sense of responsibility and are completely vulnerable to peer pressure. When they decide to commit a crime, when their yearning to break the law exceeds its limits, they are usually unaware of the consequences that will be brought on by their crime. Being sent into an adult prison is no doubt hard for adults, but for a child it’s almost unbearable, which is why they commonly resort to ending their life. A study by the University of California shows that â€Å"teens often lack the social and emotional maturity to control impulses† and â€Å"emotional maturity isn’t attained till after 22. † Kids who commit crimes are more frequently being tried as adults and being sent into adult prisons where they will be faced with rape, assault, peer pressure and negative influences. Being that children are more prone to influences than adults, because they are so unaware of the consequences of certain actions, they would be more susceptible to take on the ways of adult offenders and their chance at righting their wrongs in an adult prison is slim to none. Teen offenders would be forced to spend the majority of their life in a prison cell when they still have room in their souls to grow and prove their morality. Allowing a convicted criminal back into society is no doubt risky and for some people it is an immense idea to be open to. There is always a chance that the juvenile would relapse in a way and go back to their life of crime. Or, maybe they would spread their past experiences on to other vulnerable children and open their minds to the idea that violence is the way to solve problems. Then again, there is always the chance that they might not. How would anybody ever know what kind of change a person is capable of if they’re not offered the chance to prove themselves? If an adult had come from an adult prison that they had been in since they were a teen, the likeliness of them returning to their previous way of life is extremely likely. If they’re not offered counseling or mental health services when they are younger and more prone to influence, then they would know no other way of life than that of the one in adult prison. A person who commits a crime should no doubt be held responsible and serve time, no matter what their age or excuse is. A child is so inclined to change, that they should serve time in a place that allows them to change. Maybe, they wouldn’t change at all being placed in a juvenile rehabilitation center, but because everyone is different every child deserves a second chance at life to prove themselves worthy of being a part of society. A changed person, who had once been part of the dark side of reality, could prove a role model to other children who had made mistakes. Raphael Johnson started a community policing program and received his bachelor’s and master’s degree with honors after being released from prison for shooting and killing a classmate when he was 17. He even ran for public office. Charles Dutton became an award winning actor-producer after quitting school when he was 12 years old and committed manslaughter. This is not saying that committing an exorbitant crime is okay because the convict will back to normal again when they’re released; it is saying that people are capable of amazing feats and have the ability to turn their life around. They just need the chance to prove so. Juveniles do not deserve to spend their whole life in prison. No matter what they did. Because of their ability to accomplish significant change and their ability to be influenced more than adults, they still have a chance at rehabilitation, it will always be unconstitutionally wrong and they are not the same as adults just because they committed a crime. To lock a child away for the rest of their life is immoral and cruel, but to send them away to a rehabilitation center where they can still be punished by forcing them to face what they have done and yet still receive counseling to deal with their problems and set them straight is a much more sensible approach. If more juvenile delinquents were to be dealt with in juvenile court, instead of adult court, society would have gained another person who now knows the consequences of certain actions and would be looked to as a role model for change. Do not neglect them of a punishment, but allow them an opportunity at a transformation. How to cite Juvenile Life Imprisonment, Essay examples

Response To Argument Globalized Intense Competition

Question: Describe about the Response To Argument for Globalized Intense Competition. Answer: Response 1: With pressures on costs, is outsourcing inevitable? I completely support that with the advent of globalization and intense competition in the market, every company has to think of cost effective formulas to attract more consumers. In order to support low cost, Kotabe et al. (2012) commented that outsourcing is one of the most suitable ways. By utilizing the work force of other countries, overall cost of the company can be reduced to a large extent. However, managing the business overseas ultimately results in mismanagement of the business that might cause the company to invest more to overcome the crisis situation. Thus, I support both the points for the argument. Response 2: Should outsourcing always be under consideration as part of an organisations strategic HR management? HRs role does not limit to the process of recruitment but there are other major responsibilities as well. Thus, reducing the burden of recruitment will not reduce the overall responsibilities and roles of the HR. Managing Human Capital still falls under the responsibility of the HR even if the responsibility has been outsourced (Monks et al. 2013). However, there is a better possibility of getting skilled and cheap labourer when the idea of outsourcing is used by a Company. As it has been pointed that getting knowledge of the individual working in an Organization actually helps to flourish the business activities is correct. Reference list: Kotabe, M., Mol, M.J., Murray, J.Y. and Parente, R., 2012. Outsourcing and its implications for market success: negative curvilinearity, firm resources, and competition.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(2), pp.329-346. Monks, K., Kelly, G., Conway, E., Flood, P., Truss, K. and Hannon, E., 2013. Understanding how HR systems work: the role of HR philosophy and HR processes.Human resource management journal,23(4), pp.379-395.

Market Research in Business free essay sample

Bubble tea is originated in tea shops in Taiwan during the 1980s, which consist of pearl milk tea and other similar tea and juice beverages. The tea and the flavoring was shaken vigorously to produced frothy bubbles in the beverage. Bubble tea begins its international recognition spreading from Taiwan to other Asian countries before travelling to North America via the Asian community in Vancouver and the West Coast. Now bubble tea can be found across the country. The competition of bubble tea is very stiff in Singapore due to the ease of entry as starting capital, labor and equipment cost are low, specialized knowledge is also not really required. There we can find bubble tea shops everywhere from shopping malls to housing estates. Apart from the famous bubble tea brandings like Sweet talk and KOI, there are still many other small ones, and with the presence of so many bubble tea brandings and choices, none of them is large enough to dominate the industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Research in Business or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With the high level of competition, more ideas to improve business is needed from advertising, promotions to other services. As of today, one of the services provided by a few bubble tea companies will be deliveries. And according to our background research, many of these delivery services are made with requirements of minimum purchase or within their range of service. Therefore, our client is now considering the possibility of enhancing the service in targeting households. This will be classified under existing products; new markets under the Strategic Framework For Market Research In Business Expansion as show in figure 1. 1 Figure 1. 1 Strategic Framework For Market Research In Business Expansion [pic] Aims and Objectives The overall aim of the study is to measure the profitability of delivering bubble teas to household. The three specific objectives include; ) To examine how popular bubble teas are needed in household settings 2) To identify attitudes of our clients delivery service and their competitors 3) To identify how our clients delivery service can adapt to customers needs Below are the further details under each objectives 1) To examine how popular bubble teas are needed in household settings This objective will look into the need of bubble teas in household. It will establish on the frequency of households consuming bubble teas and the number of cups of bubble teas that are consumed each week. It will also look at on what occasions or celebrations will bubble teas be more welcomed. Most importantly this objective will also attempt to identify what should constitutes the target audience. 2) To identify attitudes of our clients delivery service and their competitors This objective will look into which group of households are more likely to consume bubble teas. Under this objective, it will give an indication of what type of bubble teas are usually preferred and how much more will they be willing to pay for delivering services. It will also establish what other bubble teas delivery services from competitors are they aware of in order to prompt awareness for our client. 3) To identify how our clients delivery service can adapt to customers needs The last objective will look into the need of our clients customers and potential customers, what are their needs and expectations regarding the deliveries of bubbles teas to their house and what our client can do in order to achieve higher level of customers satisfaction.

Code of Ethics Essay Example

Code of Ethics Essay Example Code of Ethics Essay Code of Ethics Essay 1.Nurses value quality nursing care for all people. Valuing quality nursing care involves nurses accepting accountability for the standard of nursing care they provide, helping to raise the standard of nursing care, and taking action when they consider, on reasonable grounds, the standard of nursing care to be unacceptable. This includes a responsibility to question and report what they consider, on reasonable grounds, to be unethical behaviour and treatment. 2. Nurses value respect and kindness for self and others. Valuing respect for self and others encompasses valuing the moral worth and dignity of oneself and others. It includes respecting the individual ethical values people might have in the context of health care. Kindness is the demonstration of simple acts of gentleness, consideration and care. The practise of kindness as a committed and everyday approach to care reduces the power imbalance between a person requiring or receiving care and a nurse, by placing the nurse at the person’s service, which is the appropriate relationship. 3. Nurses value the diversity of people. Valuing the diversity of people requires nurses to appreciate how different cultural backgrounds and languages may influence both the provision and receipt of nursing and health care. 4. Nurses value access to quality nursing and health care for all people. Valuing nursing and health care for all people requires nurses to uphold the principles and standards of the right to nursing and health care as measured by the availability, accessibility, acceptability, quality and safety of nursing and health care services. Specifically, access refers to the extent to which a person or community can obtain health care services. This includes knowledge of when it is appropriate to seek health care, the ability to travel to and the means to pay for health care. Access does not mean the ability to provide all services imaginable for everyone, but rather the ability to reasonably and equitably provide services based on need, irrespective of geography, social standing, ethnicity, age, race, level of income, gender or sexuality. 5. Nurses value informed decision making. Nurses value people’s interests in making free and informed decisions. This includes people having the opportunity to verify the meaning and implication of information being given to them when making decisions about their nursing and health care. Nurses also recognise that making decisions is sometimes constrained by circumstances beyond individual control and that there may be circumstances where informed decisionmaking cannot always be fully realised. 6. Nurses value a culture of safety in nursing and health care. Valuing a culture of safety involves nurses actively engaging in the development of shared knowledge and understanding of the crucial importance of safety in contemporary health care. Nurses who value a culture of safety appreciate that safety is everyone’s responsibility. Nurses support the development of risk management processes and a practice environment designed to reduce the incidence and impact of preventable adverse events in health care. Nurses also support the open disclosure of any adverse events to any person affected during the course of their care 7. Nurses value ethical management of information. The generation and management of information (including health care records and other documents) are performed with professionalism and integrity. This requires the information being recorded to be accurate, non-judgemental and relevant to the health, care and treatment of a person. All health documentation is a record that cannot be changed or altered other than by the addition of further information. A notation in a record or a document used for health care communication can have a powerful positive or negative impact on the quality of care received by a person. These effects can be longlasting, either through ensuring the provision of quality care, or through enshrining stigma, stereotyping and judgement in health care decision-making and health care provision experienced by a person. The ethical management of information involves respecting people’s privacy and confidentiality without compromising health or safety. This applies to all types of data, including clinical and research data, irrespective of the medium in which the information occurs or is stored. 8. Nurses value a socially, economically and ecologically sustainable environment promoting health and wellbeing. Nurses value strategies aimed at preventing, minimising and overcoming the harmful effects of economic, social or ecological factors on the health of individuals and communities. Commitment to a healthy environment involves the conservation and efficient use of resources such as energy, water and fuel, as well as clinical and other materials

Marketing Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Information System - Essay Example The technological opportunities are obviously highly appealing for Marketers to explore and use extensively and intensively. Technology has no inherent morality and the way in which it is utilized is what really matters. In this matter, both the deontological as well as the utilitarian view of ethics (Bergman, 1997) apply. Drawing coop concentration to the ethical facet of the use of web-based technologies in the area of marketing might comprise of differentiating force for proactive firms. Some aspects of information gathered are visible (such as self-divulgence of information for purchase, self-divulgence of information in accessing a web-site, self-divulgence of information for free merchandise) and some are less visible (such as anonymous profile data, IP, cookies). Owing to these possible uses and abuses of information, many consumers remain hesitant about Internet purchasing. The development of software allowing "private Internet experience" and "completely undetected surfing" is an indication of consumer concern regarding the invasion of privacy. There is room for the development of competitive advantage. The Issue of Marketing Tools Advertising is an important marketing tool on the Internet with a range of possibilities for customer interactivity and involvement (Ranchhod, 1998). Banner advertising has been an important tool for many Internet based advertisements with much research dedicated to its design elements. At the same time, marketing professionals try to comprehend how individuals surf through websites and consequently attempt to increase the CTR (click-through ratio). In this regard, researchers as well as practitioners attempt to recognize key variables like type and size of ad banners, animation, use of color, sounds, images, incentives, etc. Certain practices can be monitored and are endorsed as efficient ones like pop-ups, deceiving banners (computer-like messages, with "ok" button). Parallel to Internet advertising, the development of e-mail marketing and Spam are features of aggressive e marketing. However, there is still a long way to go before many companies put in place the best and most effective approaches to conduct an exceptional email marketing campaign.Companies already have the creativity, the magnificent deals on offer and the colourful landscapes of dreamy holidays to mention a few, but what marketers don't know is that sometimes this creativity can actually get in the way, preventing emails from making it into the inbox. If this is the case, what good does a top-notch creative campaign do if the email is never opened. Although marketers are often from a creative background, one cannot ignore the vital impact of analysis. The information convened from campaigns, such as click through rates and churn rates, is definatele key to gain the discernment about customer's likes and dislikes, and provides the preliminaries to make future campaigns more effective and pertinent. This lead to the conclusion that the emails that companies send are delivered and contain valuable information for customers. By targeting messages more closely and handling customer data more efficiently and effectively, not only will the possibility of fabricating a sale increase, but the overall costs can be cut, databases cleaned and a greater

Open Market Operations- How and Why They Are Conducted Term Paper

Open Market Operations- How and Why They Are Conducted - Term Paper Example During inflationary periods, there is a lot of money supply in the economy and the government needs to take drastic measures to control the money supply before the rate of inflation worsens. The securities are offered at a higher interest rate than those of private institutions which attract most investors to acquire them and relevant deductions are then made from their bank’s reserves/ accounts. This reduces the money supply in the economy as the amount of money available for consumption to the members will reduce and so will the amount of money available in commercial banks reserves for lending which means that even the lending rate will increase. When the money supply in an economy is limited, the government may decide to increase the supply by buying back part or most of its securities from the public. The government buys them back at the rates agreed during time of sale to the investor. This means that some money will be deposited in the respective investors’ accou nts which will increase their disposable incomes and subsequently their spending. This will also increase the cash reserves of commercial banks hence they can lend money to the general public at lower rates. Open Market Operations – how and why they are conducted Marketing is something which must be performed in the right way possible in order to promote increased sale of a product. This should incorporate all components of a marketing plan and functions in addition. The marketing plan in that manner becomes the central application, which has the competency to improve the sales of a product in the global perspective. The marketing of a product largely relies on the marketing plan established in any given organization. Open markets operations are the principle tool of U.S monetary policy in which central banks buy and sell bonds and securities. The principle has been in use for several years and it functions to maintain reserve balances. It is worth noting that the United Stat es employs open market operations through the Federal Reserve Bank. There are several activities, which are conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank in order to make such operations worth running. However, this is a paper that critically explores open markets operations in terms of how and why they are conducted. It is worth noting that a critical review of the area under discussion is performed from a broad point of view. The Federal Reserve System was established in 1913 when the congress passed the Federal Reserve act. Although it is independent of the government, it is accountable to the congress because the congress can amend the Federal Reserve act when necessary. The Fed is called a "decentralized" central bank. By manipulating reserve balances the Federal Reserve can control the price of reserves in the market. The theory of open markets operations is quite simple; the fed buys securities when it wants to increase the flow of money and credit, and sells securities when it wants to reduce the flow of money and credit (Harvey 4). What they designate as their target interest rate speaks for what they are trying to fight. If they lower the interest rate they are fighting recession. If they raise the interest rate they are fighting inflation. The fed can choose from among many financial instruments to conduct open market operations: corporate bonds, corporate stocks, commercial paper, etc. it uses treasury

Left And Right Censored Survival Times Philosophy Essay

Left And Right Censored Survival Times Philosophy Essay Provide a clear explanation of what is meant by left censored and right censored survival times, and illustrate your answer with some examples of how each may arise in a social science context. Suppose that you have continuous time unemployment spell data. The data were derived using a stock sample with follow-up (i.e. interviews some time after the stock sampling date). You also know the date of the interview, at which time information about characteristics were collected, and whether or not the spell in progress at the stock sampling date was still in progress and, if not, the date the spell ended. By deduction, you can calculate the length of time between the stock sample date and the date at which each person was last observed to be unemployed (the interview date for those still unemployed; or some date between the stock sample date and interview date for those who got a job). However, you dont know the date at which each persons spell began, and nor therefore the length of each persons unemployment spell in total from start until last observed. With reference to expressions for the sample log-likelihood function, show that it is possible to estimate the parameters of a n Exponential hazard regression model in this case. Also discuss, giving reasons, whether you could estimate a Weibull model with the same data. [adapted from Wooldridge (2002, Ex. 20.3)] Assume that you have a random sample from the inflow to the state, and all survival times are right-censored. (i) Write down the sample log-likelihood function for this situation. (ii) Derive the special case of likelihood function given in (i) when survival times follow the Gompertz distribution. [Recall that the Gompertz model has hazard function q(t, X) = lexp (gt), where l = exp (b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ + bkXk) and shape parameter g > 0.] (iii) Consider the Gompertz model in which the covariate vector X only contains a constant. Show that the Gompertz log likelihood cannot be maximized for real numbers b0 and g. (iv) From (iii), what do you conclude about estimating duration models from inflow sample data when all survival times are right censored? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Table of Contents Left censored and Right censored When we deal with observations the observation period is the difference between the time when experiment begins (time is zero) and when it terminates (let, time is T0 in Figure 01). But in many cases the entities under consideration (human/device) dont come to an end and in those cases we say that it has been suspended, truncated or censored. In many areas of social science and life testing, the subject(s) may leave or enter after they have been put on test. The subject may leave our study before completion (due to failure or death) or may enter late. To analyse such behaviour of human being we are interested in left censored and right censored. Censoring occurs because sometimes our study of interest is lost to follow-up. Censored data means that the observations are known partially and it reflects the side of the dimension. Stephen P. Jenkins in his Survival Analysis wrote, A survival time is censored if all that is known is that it began or ended within some particular interval of time, and thus the total spell length (from entry time until transition) is not known exactly. (Jenkins 2005, p. 4) Its a major problem in social science that some observations are censored but its very usual that our study of interest may not survive until the end period. Left Censored Left censoring refers to the event that occurs at a time before a left bound. In this case we dont know the time when it started. (L Samartzis 2005-06) It is such a situation that we know the datum is below a certain value but we dont know how much it is. Say, for example, a pathological report is revealed which ensures that the patient is suffering from cancer but we have no idea when the patient has been infected. Figure 01 illustrates the censoring situations where X refers the points in time when we actually start or finish monitoring the censored entities, except the beginning (of entity life, at time zero) and the end of the experimental observation period (time T0). Here Line C completes its spell and all other entities are interrupted. Here, a shows an entity that has already been operating for some unknown period of time, before we start monitoring it. This case is called left-censoring. (Dr. J Luis Romeu, n. d.) Figure 01: Left and Right Censoring In a word left censoring means censoring occurs on the left side. If we ignore this type of censoring then there arise selectivity bias because left censoring will overestimate the mean duration as longer spells tend to be observed more frequently than shorter spells. (Amemiya 1999) Right Censored Right censoring refers to the event that occurs at a time after a right bound. In this case we dont know the time when it ended. (L Samartzis 2005-06) In duration models and survival analysis right censoring occurs very often because in many cases observations are known to be larger than some given value. In this case the only information we have is the right bound. Say, for example, we start with 500 light bulbs and this will be terminated after an assigned period of time. In this experiment censoring will occur on the right side because we exactly know the starting point of our experiment. In Figure 01, Line b shows an entity that has been monitored since the beginning of its life (i.e. at the start of the experiment) but which we have ceased to observe before the experiment ends (time T0) or it fails. That is, we observe the entity for some time, after which we are not able to monitor it any more. This other type of truncation is known as right censoring. (Dr. J Luis Romeu, n. d) Comparison between left and right censoring with the help of an example Suppose, a social scientist is interested in analysing the adverse affect of taking illegal drugs in a particular area (may be Colchester). The researcher is willing to determine the distribution of the time until first Marijuana use among high school boys in that area. The question to be answered by the school boys is: When did you first use Marijuana? Let us consider two hypothetical replies: Respondent 01: I have used it but cannot remember just when the first time was. Respondent 02: I never used it. In case of the 1st respondent the event had occurred but exact date at which he started using Marijuana is totally unknown. This is an example of left censored. On the other hand, in the 2nd case the event not yet occurred but there may be the possibility of taking Marijuana in some future dates. Unlike the left censored the censoring occurs on the right side and thus this is an example of right censored. (Klein and Moeschberger 2003, p. 70-71) (b) Stock Sample with follow-up The important things to be considered in this example are: This is a continuous time unemployment spell data. The data were derived using a stock sample with follow-up which is a different name of left truncation (delayed entry) and their applications are similar to handle. This type of data is most commonly used by economists. (Jenkins 2005, p. 5) The stock sample dates are still in progresses which indicate that there are some observations that are right censored. Let us define, Ti = Total spell length f (Ti) = Probability density function (slope of Failure function) at time Ti S (Ti) = Survival function at time Ti ÃŽÂ ¸ (Ti) = Hazard function at time Ti S (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  ti) = The date at which the stock sample was drawn Ci = Censoring indicator Xi = Vector of observed covariates b = Parameter to be estimated N = Sample size There are two types of contributors, Those who leave the state of interest. Those who stay in our state of interest. So the likelihood function will be, N N Ã…Â  = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  [ f(Ti) / S (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  ti) ] Ci à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  [S (Ti) / S (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  ti) ] 1- Ci i = 1 i= 1 Now by definition of hazard function, we have N Ã…Â  = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  [ ÃŽÂ ¸ (Ti) ] Ci [S (Ti) / S (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  ti) ] i = 1 N Or, log Ã…Â  = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ { Ci log ÃŽÂ ¸ (Ti) + log S (Ti) log S (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  ti) } [ Equation no 01 ] i = 1 Equation no 01 clearly states the log-likelihood function of the example. Now its not difficult to consider the Exponential and Weibull model to estimate the parameters. For Exponential Model case: We know that the Exponential model has the following hazard function: ÃŽÂ ¸ (Ti) = ÃŽÂ » where l = exp(bX) Now, by definition the survival function can be obtained from the hazard function by the equation below: t S(t) = exp ( à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ « ÃŽÂ ¸(u)du ) [ Equation no 02 ] 0 So the survival function of the Exponential model is S(t) = exp (-ÃŽÂ »t ). Now plugging the value of the hazard and survival function of the Exponential model in the log-likelihood function (Equation no 01) we get the Exponential hazard regression model which is as follows: N log Ã…Â  = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ { Ci log ÃŽÂ » + log [exp (-ÃŽÂ »T )] log [exp (-ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  t )] } i = 1 N Or, log Ã…Â  = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ { Ci (bX) ÃŽÂ »T ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  t } i = 1 Once we get the value of the variables we can easily calculate the log-likelihood function of the Exponential hazard regression model. For Weibull Model case: Exponential model is a special case of Weibull model which has the following hazard function: ÃŽÂ ¸ (Ti) = ÃŽÂ » ÃŽÂ ± tÃŽÂ ±-1 where l = exp(bX) When ÃŽÂ ± = 1 the model describes the Exponential model thus it is nothing but a special case of Weibull model. From equation no 02 the survival function of Weibull model is, S(t) = exp (-ÃŽÂ »tÃŽÂ ± ) Plugging the value in the log-likelihood function (Equation no 01) we get the Weibull model, N log Ã…Â  = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ { Ci log [ÃŽÂ » ÃŽÂ ± tÃŽÂ ±-1] + log [exp (- ÃŽÂ »TÃŽÂ ±)] log [exp (- ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  tÃŽÂ ± )] } i = 1 N Or, log Ã…Â  = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ { Ci (bX) + Ci log ÃŽÂ ± + Ci (ÃŽÂ ± 1) log t ÃŽÂ »TÃŽÂ ± ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  tÃŽÂ ± } i = 1 Like the exponential model we can easily calculate the Weibull model when we have the data of the model. The estimation can be obtained from the above log-likelihood function for the given data. But its a matter of judgment that which model will be the best-fitted? The result depends on the value of ÃŽÂ ± and its critical value of the t-statistic (the p-value). The critical t-statistic value of ÃŽÂ ± will decide which model is appropriate for the given data. If the value of ÃŽÂ ± is greater than 1 and significant then it is wise to consider the Weibull model rather than the exponential model. (c) [Adapted from Wooldridge (2002, Ex. 20.3)] The problem of estimating the censoring and time varying covariates is not possible to handle by the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method rather it is addressed by the estimation based on Maximum Likelihood (ML) method. But before going to estimate we should identify the type of process that generates the data i.e. the type of sampling scheme. The random sample from the inflow to the state is one of the five sampling schemes analyzed in social science. (Jenkins 2005, p. 61) Given the random sample, let Xi = Vector of observed covariates ÃŽÂ ¸ = Vector of unknown parameters N = Random sample size ti = Length of time Ci= Censoring indicator Ci = 1 if uncensored Ci = 0 if censored The conditional likelihood observations can be written as f( ti | Xi, ÃŽÂ ¸) Ci [ 1 F (ti | Xi, ÃŽÂ ¸ ) 1- Ci where uncensored and censored subjects are in product form. (Cox and Oakes 1992, p. 33) (i) If all observations are right censored, Ci = 0 and hence the log-likelihood function is N à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ log [1 F (ti | Xi, ÃŽÂ ¸) ] [Equation no 03] i=1 (ii) Gompertz model has hazard function q(t, X) = lexp (gt) where l = exp(b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ + bkXk) and shape parameter g > 0 By definition, survival function S(t) is t S(t) = exp ( à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ « ÃŽÂ ¸(u)du ) [ recall Equation no 02 ] 0 Now the survival function in Gompertz model is S(t) = exp [ ÃŽÂ » / g exp ( gt ) + (ÃŽÂ » / g ) ] S(t) = exp [ (ÃŽÂ » / g) {1 exp (gt) } ] And consequently the failure function is F(t) = 1- exp [ (ÃŽÂ » / g) {1 exp (gt)}] So the log-likelihood function for Gompertz distribution (from Equation no 03) is N à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ log [1 1 + exp [ (ÃŽÂ » / g) {1 exp (gt)}] ] i=1 N = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ log [exp [ (ÃŽÂ » / g) {1 exp (gt)}] ] i=1 N = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (ÃŽÂ » / g) {1 exp (gt)} [ Equation no 04 ] i=1 (iii) In Gompertz distribution when the covariate vector Xi only contains a constant implies that l = exp (b0) where without this condition l = exp (b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ + bkXk). In this conditional case the observed covariates Xi is defined only by the constant term b0. Hence the log-likelihood function (from Equation no 04) is N = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (ÃŽÂ » / g) {1 exp (gt)} where l = exp( b0 ) i=1 N = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (exp( b0 ) / g) {1 exp (gt)} [ Equation no 05 ] i=1 Given positive value of t and g the value of {1 exp (gt)} will always be negative and consequently the value of equation no 05 will be negative. So we can maximise the likelihood function only by maximising b. But when the value of b à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ the exp (b0) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾. So for any positive value of g (nevertheless to mention that t is also positive) the log-likelihood function (containing only constant of covariate vector Xi ) will lead to b getting more positive values without any bound. We can also rule out the minimisation of log-likelihood function by minimising exp (b0) across b. For the value of b à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ the exp (b0) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 0. The values of b are getting more and more negative and it will go beyond calculation. Hence, the Gompertz log-likelihood cannot be maximized only for the real numbers b0 and g. (iv) From (iii) we observed that Gompertz log-likelihood cannot be maximised for only real numbers b0 and g. So it is not possible to estimate the Gompertz models from any given flow data when all survival times are right censored. Actually this might be a special case when all data under consideration are right censored and covariate vector Xi contains only a constant. (d) References Amemiya T. (1999), A note on left censoring, Analysis of Panels and Limited Dependent Variables Models, Edited by Hsiao, C., Lahiri, K., Lee, Lung-Fei, and Pesaran, M. H., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cox, D. R. and Oakes, D. (1992), Analysis of Survival Data, 1st edition (Reprinted by University Press, Cambridge), London: Chapman Hall. Jenkins, Stephen P. (2005), Survival Analysis (unpublished), , July 2005, Accessed on 07 April 2010. Klein, J. P. and Moeschberger, M. L. (2003), Survival Analysis: Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data, 2nd Edition, New York: Springer-Verlag. Romeu, Jorge L., (n. d.), Reliability and Advanced Information Technology Research with Alion Science and Technology, Online at , Accessed on 08 April 2010. Samartzis, Lefteris (n. d), Survival and Censored Data, Semester Project, Winter 2005-2006, Online at , Accessed on 08 April 2010. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The End à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦

The Fire Ant :: essays research papers

The Fire Ant (general overview and personal perspectives)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The â€Å"Fire Ant† is one of the most feared migratory arthropods in North America. The first non-native species was introduced into the Port of Mobile, Alabama, starting in 1919, through soil ballast, from South American ships, being dumped ashore. The black fire ant (Solenopsis richteri Forel) arrived sometime in 1919, and the red fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) sometime in the late 1930’s; both much more aggressive and harsh than their two sister species of fire ants, the Tropical fire ant (Solenopsis xyloni McCook) and the Southern fire ant (Solenopsis geminata Fabricius), which are considered native to North America. The presence of imported fire ants within United States boarders was first reported in 1929.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currently, the IFA (imported fire ant) is found in eleven states (over 300 million acres) , with sporadic, isolated showings as far west as California and as far north as Kansas and Maryland. The surge in fire ant migration came right after world war two, with the housing boom. The migration of fire ants was mostly associated with the mass movement of grass sod and decorative plants for landscaping purposes. However, â€Å"In 1958, the Federal Fire Ant Quarantine was implemented [to] try to limit the spread of fire ants from the quarantined areas. Hay, sod, plants and used soil moving equipment must me inspected and/or treated before being moved out of the quarantine area.† The IFA migration methods include â€Å"†¦seasonal relocations, migration in nursery stock, natural flights, and after floods rafting on water. Ants can be blown by the wind 12 miles during mating flights. They can â€Å"hitchhike† on birds [or other animals] or mass togethe r to form a floating ball to ride out a flood.† It is estimated that a fire ant colony can expand 20-30 miles per year based on mating flights alone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The IFA migration fear is due to damage to people, but also damage to crops and property. Currently, the IFA is known â€Å"†¦as damaging 57 different species of cultivated plants† including wheat, cotton, corn, sorghum seed, soybean, blueberry, peanut, sunflower, watermelon, cantaloupe, cucumber, pecan, eggplant, okra, strawberry, and potato in addition to property, fire ants have been associated with may outdoor electrical equipment, due to their strong attraction to electrical and magnetic fields and impulses. The effected items where fire ants have been known to nest and be found include: gasoline pumps, traffic lights, electrical and telephone transformers/boxes, air conditions (many, many cases) heat pumps, TV’s, computers, walls and plumbing insulation, water meters, insulation of electrical wiring causing electrical disruptions, and beside and beneath roadways. The Fire Ant :: essays research papers The Fire Ant (general overview and personal perspectives)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The â€Å"Fire Ant† is one of the most feared migratory arthropods in North America. The first non-native species was introduced into the Port of Mobile, Alabama, starting in 1919, through soil ballast, from South American ships, being dumped ashore. The black fire ant (Solenopsis richteri Forel) arrived sometime in 1919, and the red fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) sometime in the late 1930’s; both much more aggressive and harsh than their two sister species of fire ants, the Tropical fire ant (Solenopsis xyloni McCook) and the Southern fire ant (Solenopsis geminata Fabricius), which are considered native to North America. The presence of imported fire ants within United States boarders was first reported in 1929.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currently, the IFA (imported fire ant) is found in eleven states (over 300 million acres) , with sporadic, isolated showings as far west as California and as far north as Kansas and Maryland. The surge in fire ant migration came right after world war two, with the housing boom. The migration of fire ants was mostly associated with the mass movement of grass sod and decorative plants for landscaping purposes. However, â€Å"In 1958, the Federal Fire Ant Quarantine was implemented [to] try to limit the spread of fire ants from the quarantined areas. Hay, sod, plants and used soil moving equipment must me inspected and/or treated before being moved out of the quarantine area.† The IFA migration methods include â€Å"†¦seasonal relocations, migration in nursery stock, natural flights, and after floods rafting on water. Ants can be blown by the wind 12 miles during mating flights. They can â€Å"hitchhike† on birds [or other animals] or mass togethe r to form a floating ball to ride out a flood.† It is estimated that a fire ant colony can expand 20-30 miles per year based on mating flights alone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The IFA migration fear is due to damage to people, but also damage to crops and property. Currently, the IFA is known â€Å"†¦as damaging 57 different species of cultivated plants† including wheat, cotton, corn, sorghum seed, soybean, blueberry, peanut, sunflower, watermelon, cantaloupe, cucumber, pecan, eggplant, okra, strawberry, and potato in addition to property, fire ants have been associated with may outdoor electrical equipment, due to their strong attraction to electrical and magnetic fields and impulses. The effected items where fire ants have been known to nest and be found include: gasoline pumps, traffic lights, electrical and telephone transformers/boxes, air conditions (many, many cases) heat pumps, TV’s, computers, walls and plumbing insulation, water meters, insulation of electrical wiring causing electrical disruptions, and beside and beneath roadways.

4 mat review entwistle Essay

In the book, Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity by David N. Entwistle (2010) the reader is first introduced to the conflict of the integration of psychology and Christianity. The thought is that Christianity is based on faith and psychology is based on truth. As a result, it is the idea that Christianity and psychology may be impossible to coexist. â€Å"The integration of psychology and theology is virtually inevitable due to their mutual interest in understanding the ambiguities and mysteries of human behavior and healing human brokenness.† (Entwistle, 2010, p. 51) Essentially, this statement is a summation of the entire reading. Even though Christianity and psychology are at two opposite ends of the spectrum, the two ideas still carry the ability to be integrated with one another and implemented. Entwistle, explains the integration of psychology and Christianity by first providing a historical overview of scientific and theological communities in order to provide a more in depth understanding of the modern process of integrating psychological thought with Christianity. Entwistle states that the term â€Å"integrated† should also be viewed as a noun because he says, â€Å"If Christ lays claim to all of life, then the work of integration becomes not just feasible, but imperative, as we attempt to understand the essence of unity.† (Entwistle, 2010, p. 16) To continue, Entwistle explains that science and faith have always been conflicting ideas because science is contradictory to theological concepts. Entwistle some what agrees with this idea but based off of a person’s previous assumptions or knowledge about psychology and theology. If a psychologist were to recognize their faith bias when operating in their chosen specialty of psychology, then they could use science as a means of evidence or testament to the auspiciousness of Christ (Entwistle, 2010). As the book goes on, Entwistle introduces five different disciplinary relationships, which include enemies, spies, colonialists, neutral parties, and allies (Entwistle, 2010). Enemies can either be secular or Christian but the common factor is that they agree that there can be no coexistence of faith and science within the field of psychology. Spies are members of the Christian faith who happen to have a background in psychology but are only interested  in the â€Å"benefits of their own religious system† (Entwistle, 2010, p. 182). Spies could also include those who wish to explore the effects of faith on an individual. Colonialists use parts of psychology integrated with their own ideals and beliefs. Neutral parties are indifferent to both secular and theological arguments for the integration of psychology. However, neutral parties are able to maintain that indifference by keeping science and Christianity separate (Entwistle, 2010). The allies’ mode is different from neutral parties model because it is against that idea that theology is docile to psychology and that faith is a â€Å"vehicle to express psychological truth and to foster psychological benefits† (Entwistle, 2010, p. 206). The remaining reading is geared towards understanding truth as it relates to the psychological and theological mindset. In order to better understand the integration of psychology and theology and the similarities and differences between the two, Entwistle explains that we can gain a better understanding of human ps yche and consider completing developmental research in order to come up with counseling techniques that will be valuable for future generations. Concrete Response As a young child I remember growing up my parents explained to me that I would have to work hard in order to achieve success. My parents are very successful people with multiple degrees and although I was a stellar student, I wasn’t the least bit interested in school. I would much rather play sports or dance. My mom came to me one day and said, â€Å"I don’t know if you’ll ever be a doctor or lawyer the way we planned but whatever you decide we will be proud.† I was happy and sad at the same time because although she knew that I am intelligent, she didn’t try to press upon me something that her and my father’s plans for my life. However, I didn’t feel like my parents believed that I could become someone great. I must say that my parents have allowed me and continue to allow me to flourish into the person that God designed for me to be. Even though I appreciated my mother for making that clear to me, I still felt as if I had something t o prove to them. I set out to take as many collegiate level classes as possible in high school and even pushed myself to the limit in my undergraduate courses. On top of all of my schoolwork, I pushed myself to commit to extracurricular  activities within my church and school. When I first read Entwistle’s description of the allies’ model, I immediately thought of myself as an ally. Although our goal at the end of the day is to please God, I felt as if I had to please my parents through my education but I would eventually have to follow God’s plan for my life. While I took the time to find myself, I was forgetting about my religion and solely focused on my psychological wellbeing. I definitely had to get to a place where I was able to integrate both my mental health and well being as well as focus on my relationship with Christ. Reflection In the book Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity, the reader is introduced to the understanding and correlation of psychology and theology. The study of psychology is referenced throughout this book many times but one ideal that is not addressed is the answer as to what a Christian should do with the ideals that are presented in this text. As it is well written, this particular text is invaluable to students and professors or those who wish to study the integration of psychology and theology as it relates to academia. On the converse, what about a regular church pastor or missionary who would like to be more well-versed in their counseling strategies or teaching people who to heal and deal with mental health conditions. The book is well written in the fact that any person who is not familiar with psychological or theological terminology can also understand the content of the text. Although the book many questions in relation to the integration of psychology and theol ogy, it is apparent that the author did not mention the definitions of â€Å"nature† versus â€Å"unnatural.† Nature does not exist today because of the fall of man therefore, we as humans today only know the unnatural. This is a part of the reason that we find human beings to be so unnatural in their thoughts, feelings, and actions. Because of sin, there is no more innocence of creation has been destroyed and can only be restored through the blood of Christ. As psychology and theology integrate, humans can be studied in their natural state. Action For a counseling psychologist or anyone who would like to practice professional counseling, one of the most important steps would be to understand the disciplinary models presented in the text. The Christian community may not be knowledgeable how a person would be classified within the five models. The typical Christian would not know whether or not they would be helping or hindering the individual if they were not familiar with the ideals and beliefs that goes along with each particular model. Having a better understanding of each model will allow a psychologist, or even a regular church pastor to understand where they fall within each model and which model will allow them to provide the best care plan for that client. The following step would be to also evaluate scientific models of psychology in order to better understand which model would integrate well with theology and the five disciplinary models. Understanding what each option and/or technique will provide will allow evidence of Christ through science. As a result, disciples will be brought to Christ because then they will believe. Integration of psychology and Christianity (theology) is more than just ideas and techniques, but the integration of the two will provide insight as to how we as humans live our lives before Christ (Entwistle, 2010). References Entwistle, D. N. (2010). Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity: an Introduction to Worldview Issues, Philosophical Foundations, and Models of Integration (2nd ed.). Eugene, OR