Bullying and Good Job Essay - 725 Words

Bullying and School Violence The article title states exactly what the article talks about, the many different cases of bullying and violence in schools. The title tells you exactly what to expect from the abstract but does not give away any information on what it includes. The author did a good job deciding on the title because although it is simple, it grabs your attention, it certainly did mine. Bullying is a very common happening among young children so the title having the word bully in it, draws your attention. It could have been a little more creative but I do like the title and feel that it is both effective and appropriate. The purpose of the study is evident and can clearly and easily be derived from the title of the†¦show more content†¦Pennington, however, feels that children just need someone to talk to about being bullied and that the bullies are just misunderstood and are probably abused themselves and duplicate what they know. She writes very factually and gets straight to the point of what she is talking about and is rather effective at doing so. Pennington is a savvy researcher. She used some of her own research as well as the research of others who have studied the topic. Her methods are appropriate and they do offer some explanation for the problem. By her using the Columbine incident, she manages to paint a very vivid picture of in-school violence. The author uses other incidents to paint more everyday pictures and does a very good job of doing that as well. She describes herself attending conventions, and other types of sessions as well as speaking with known bullies and victims. She then analyzes all of her material and breaks it down into understandable information for the reader. The author does not give any results on what happened because it is an ongoing process. She did however, manage to give plans on what she and her colleagues plan to do in the future to attempt to put a stop to all the bullying that goes on. She plans on having more conventions an d putting a plan into motion to get teachers and counselors better training on how to pick up on and handle bullying situations. She also explains herShow MoreRelatedQuestions and Answer About Bullying, Types of Justice and Motivation1484 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 1. Workplace bullying demonstrates a lack of which one of the three types of organizational justice? Question 2 What aspects of motivation might workplace bullying reduce? For example, are there likely to be effects on an employee’s self-efficacy? If so, what might those effects be? Workplace bullying demonstrates a lack of which one of the three types of organizational justice? According to Jerald Greenberg, organizational justice is refers to an employee’s perception of theirRead MoreBullying Is The Job Of Parents And Schools929 Words   |  4 PagesBullying is when you force someone to do something they do not want to, and it can cause stress or then leads to suicide in some cases. In â€Å" Schoolyard Bullies † by Stephanie Simon, prosecutor James Backstrom maintains school bullies should go to jail. However, I do not think bullies should go to jail, because there are different degrees of bullying. Some bullies are victims, and sending bullies to jail does not cure them. Stopping bullying is the job of parents and schools. ParentsRead MoreHow Stress Affects Our Lives1684 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussion, but there are a few that are very important to me. They might not all be talked about on the news as much as the more prominent social problems occurring at the moment, but they are problems that I think affect the people in this country. Bullying, foreign relations, unemployment, education, and stress are all topics that I find affect our country and our lives immensely. Stress is a normal thing we experience every day. The thing is, most people go through very high levels of stress on aRead MoreThe Importance of Cyber Security1093 Words   |  4 Pagesvictims of cyber bullying, or the teasing and discrimination of others through online sources. The internet not only offers communication tactics, but also ways to keep track of your finances and shop from home. Identity theft through hacking is well known among the ones who risk putting their personal banking information online. Because of all the crime, the demand for cyber security is steadily increasing. With job opportunities for people even fresh out of college, cyber security is a job field worthRead MoreVertical Violence And Its Effects On The Nursing Profession1107 Words   |  5 Pagescontinuously ranked as the most trusted profession (Riffkin, 2014). 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The researchers have done a good job recruiting participants since the high response rate is likely to be due to the fact that they have originally sent questionnaires to 1,800 people, which is a sufficie nt number. However, the paper does not state how the researchers came to the conclusionRead MoreBullying And The School A Safer Place913 Words   |  4 Pagesindirectly shows how to stop bullying, it says that to stop bullying people need to have a good education. Bullying is the act of aggressive and continuous behavior against a weaker person that leads to physical and/or mental injuries. Most of bullying cases occur during childhood and in school years; this makes a kid to be afraid of going to school and not seizing the opportunity of having a good education. To stop this serious problem schools must take action on an anti-bullying campaign and make theRead MoreJustifying Evil for Good is Cruel912 Words   |  4 Pagesform that many can relate to is bullying. Whether having been bullied or been the one bullying others, those cruel memories can forever be imprinted on one’s heart. In â€Å"White Lies,† Erin Murphy, expresses that although bullying is wrong, tryi ng to justify bad deeds for good is equally cruel. Using rhetorical and tonal elements, Murphy stirs emotions with pathos, â€Å"perhapsing† with logos, and vivid images with diction. Murphy expresses how justifying bad deeds for good is cruel by first stirring the

Essay about Dreams - 1935 Words

Dreams Thesis: We dream thousands of dreams every night, but why and what do they mean? I. The basics about dreams A. History 1. Ancient theories 2. Research B. What is dreaming 1. Definition 2. Types a. Insight b. Lucid c. Precognitive d. Review e. Gratification f. Physical C. Why do we dream II. The Interpretation of dreams A. Four stages 1. Understand content 2. Influence 3. Characterization 4. Order and context B. Interpretation Today 1. Gestalt vs. Freudian 2. Outcome III. Nightmares A. What are nightmares B. Types 1. Daymare 2. D-Nightmare 3. D-Sleep C. How often IV. Daydreaming A. What is daydreaming B. Two general categories 1. Elaborate fantasies 2. Recurring fantasies C. Daydreaming†¦show more content†¦Dreaming of birds was also a sign from the gods. Birds symbolize different types of people. Birds also had an important meaning in a dream to the Greeks. For instance, eagles stood for powerful men and women, and pigeons of mean women (Holroyd 56). The Greeks thoughts and ideas about dreams gave the people of today their basis for figure out just what dreams are really about. In my research I found that there are six different types of dreams. The first type is insight. It provides a solution or clarification to an issue in your life. The second type of dreaming is lucid dreaming. These dreams we have and know we are just dreaming and that it is not really happening. The next type is precognitive dreams. They predict the outcome of events in your life. They are like a fortune teller or palm reader telling us our future. Then there are review dreams, these dreams let us look at ourselves to show us how our lives have become like they are. T hey let us look at ourselves from an outsider’s point of view. The next type of dream is the gratification dreams. These dreams fulfill our wants and satisfy our desires. They give us â€Å"what we want when we want it† (Home1.gte.net). The last type of dream is the physical dream. They are dreams that linger with us even after the dream is over and we are awake. They use imagery that is â€Å"physical or emotional† (Home1.gte.net). These six categoriesShow MoreRelatedDreams And Dreams : Dreams1425 Words   |  6 PagesAvery Alexander English III Mr. Tarr 26 April 2015 Dreams Throughout our dreaming experience, we feel different sensations, emotions, and thoughts interpreted through images in a person’s mind. During our unconscious process, the meanings of our inner thoughts are experienced through dreams. Some psychologists believe dreams are connected to our real emotions and others may see dreams as a specific meaning related to one’s life (Young). 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If they were good dreams, they would be interpretedRead MoreDreams And The Subconscious : Dreams Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesDreams and the Subconscious Are dreams a way of processing life events, or are they really messages from the subconscious? This phenomenon has always interested me, and I am extremely grateful this opportunity has arisen for me to research dreams in more depth. Since childhood, I have been intrigued with dreams and how similar they can be for each person. For instance, many people have recurring nightmares of being chased. According to Huffington Post, being chased is one of the most common dreamsRead MoreDreams : A Lucid Dream1097 Words   |  5 PagesBeing able to understand what dreams represent and how they effect a person should be something everyone should understand. Dreams can be a small glimpse or feel so real that it is unbelievable. The issue people have the most is remembering. They can not remember if they spoke with another individual in actually life or if it was all apart of their dream they had. There is so much confusion that the person is almost embarrassed to ask if the event actually happe ned. A dream like this is considered oneRead MoreThe Dream Of A Lucid Dream1403 Words   |  6 PagesIt is said that a lucid dream is a dream that can be induced or controlled and is characterized by the dreamer being aware that he or she is dreaming (Lucid). When lucidity occurs, the dreamer â€Å"wakes up† inside the dream during fixed states of cognizance. Dreams are caused by things â€Å"†¦our mind knows, however which we cannot handle, is disturbing or something that we keep reiterating to ourselves† (Ganguly). This is why distinguishing significant dream symbols from ambient symbols is important forRead MoreDreams : What Are Dreams?1174 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are dreams? 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A Study on Customer Satisfaction with Pantaloons Essay Example For Students

A Study on Customer Satisfaction with Pantaloons Essay A STUDY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION WITH PANTALOONS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY The Indian Retail Industry is the largest among all the industries ,accounting for over 10 percent of the country’s GDP and around 8 percent of the employment. The Retail Industry in India has come forth as one of the most dynamic and fast paced industries with several players entering the market. Modern retailing has emerged in India in the form of bustling shopping centres,multi-stored malls and large complexes that offer shopping,food and variety of ways of entertainment. This study mainly deals with the customer’s perception towards Pantaloons,which is a retail apparels store. This store is located in many cities across India,but this study pertains to the Pantaloons store in Bangalore. Pantaloon Retail (India) Limited, is a large Indian retailer, which is part of the Future Group, and operates multiple retail formats in both the value and lifestyle segment of the Indian consumer market. Headquartered in Mumbai, the company has over 1,000 stores across 71 cities in India and employs over 30,000 people, and as of 2010, it was the countrys largest listed retailer by market capitalization and revenue. Pantaloons is among Indias largest chains of fashion stores. Pantaloons Fresh Fashion, with its focus on fresh look, feel and attitude offers, trendy and hip collections that are in sync with the hopes and aspirations of discerning young and young-at-heart consumers. Pantaloons Fresh Fashion stands out as a fashion trendsetter, on the lines of how fashion is followed internationally. This fresh fashion destination allows customers to shop for the latest in fashion apparel and accessories throughout the year in an attractive and visually stimulating ambience. Pantaloons Fresh Fashion stores have presence with stores not just in Metros but also in smaller towns. All stores have a wide variety of categories like casual wear, ethnic wear, formalwear, party wear and sportswear for Men, Women and Kids. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter deals with the review of literature collected from different sources: Rajyalakshmi Nittala,A. Vijaya Kameswari(2009) have undertaken a study on how organizations need to attract and retain customersto ensure a sustainable competitive advantage. To achieve this objective, service organizations must focus on their efforts to developing and sustaining an organizational culture that emphasizes internal customer well being as a means to attract and retain external customer patronage. In the service industry, customer satisfaction levels are revealed during what we like to call themoments of truth, being the moment that the customer comes in contact with afront-line employee of the firm . This made the interaction between people within the organization and the external customers more vital. In retail sector instead of selling services they will eventually start to sell experiences that augment the actual product. The study states that retail stores should concentrate on internal marketing to have satisfied employees to deliver customer satisfaction. Ipek Deveci Kocakoc and Ali Sen(2006) have undertaken a study on improvement areas for customer satisfaction along the supply chain. The study states that today’s competitive environment means that companies need to understand their customers’ expectations and preferences, and use these as a guide in order to achieve competitive advantage. In dynamic market conditions, it is vitally important to perceive and satisfy customer needs. If customer satisfaction measurements are used as a source of improvement efforts, results will be more satisfactory and realistic. Mass production usually creates a gap between manufacturers and endusers. Faced with a vast proliferation of both domestic and, as well as markets that are often ecoming increasingly fragmented, a number of producers of goods and services have chosen to outsource many activities of the sales function to resellers who have the market knowledge, sales expertise or distribution network to bring the product to market more effectively and efficiently than the producer can do alone. M. D. Rashid Khan(2008) has undertaken a study on customer percepti on on the marketing strategies followed by Pantaloons for brand building. This study states that a customer thinks in different ways and this is termed as consumer behaviour. A customer wants to get the full value of his/her money and full satisfaction from the product. If the store succeeds to satisfy the customer,then the store can easily form their brand image. The store should make a good strategy regarding all aspects of business. Puccinelli,Nancy. M. Goodstein,Ronald. c,Grewal (2009) have undertaken a study on customer experience management in retailing:understanding the buying process. This article states that retailers greater understanding of consumers can enhance customer satisfaction and retail performance. This article seeks to enrich the understanding of existing consumer behaviour literature and suggests specific elements of consumer behaviour goals,schema etc that play an important role during various stages of consumer decision process. Ahmad Jamal,Mohammad Al-Mari (2007) have undertaken a study on exploring the effect of self-image congruence and brand preference on satisfaction. This article states that prior research has reported that self-image congruence can influence brand preference, brand satisfaction and purchase intentions. With the help of an empirical research, the paper argues that while self-image congruence may be related to satisfaction in general in the automobile market, it may not necessarily affect satisfaction judgements when customers have higher levels of expertise. The paper discusses implications for brand managers and argues to take into account customer characteristics such as customer expertise while developing positioning strategies. The purpose of this research is to explore the impact of self-image congruence and brand preference on brand satisfaction among expert and novice customers of automobile brands. CHAPTER 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objectives of the study are: †¢ To understand the profile and buying behaviour of Pantaloons customers in Bangalore. †¢ To analyze the key factors influencing shopping at Pantaloons. †¢ To understand the level of expectation and satisfaction of Pantaloons customers. †¢ To study the influence of demographic variables on the expectation and satisfaction level . †¢ To analyze the gap between the level of expectation and satisfaction of customers. †¢ To provide suggestions for improvement. 3. 1 Scope of the Study: This research gives a broad frame work of the Pantaloons customers and an analysis of their profile and buying behaviour. This can be used as a guideline in the formulation of future business plans and also to make changes in the current activities. It gives an idea to the retailer about the areas which need emphasis and development. This study has been conducted in the pantaloons store in Bangalore city. This study has obtained data from Pantaloons customers residing in Coimbatore and tiruppur zone also. A sample size of 50 respondents has been considered. All classes of customers were met and their views were analyzed. Understanding the customer in terms of their profile, buying behaviour,expectation and satisfaction is important. This is identified as the problem area and the study has attempted to address the above said issues with respect to Pantaloons in Bangalore. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY a) Type of Study: The type of the study is descriptive in nature since it describes the level of satisfaction the customers have obtained from Pantaloons. b) Sampling Design: The sampling design consists of sampling method and sample size. The sampling method used is convenient method of sampling since the population is infinite. The sample size is 50 respondents. The respondents are customers of Pantaloons store in Bangalore,Coimbatore and Tiruppur city. c)Source of Data: The data used is primary in nature. The data has been obtained from the customers who frequent Pantaloons. The method used to collect primary data is through questionnaires. d) Instrument used: The instrument used to obtain data from customers is questionnaires. Questionnaires have been circulated to Pantaloons customers esiding in Coimbatore,Tiruppur and Bangalore. Telephone interviews had also been conducted with certain customers residing in Bangalore. e)Tools for Analysis: The statistical tool used for analysis is: †¢ Percentage analysis. Percentage Analysis: Percentage analysis is used to describe the profile of respondents and buying behaviour of Pantaloons customers. It also states the level of satisfaction derived by the customers from t he store. CHAPTER 5 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 5. 1 Age of the Respondents: The following table gives the age of the respondents considered in the study. Brave New World And The Giver: Similar Yet Differe EssayIt can be seen that majority of the respondents have income level between 30001- 40000 (i. e. 38%), and only 6% of the respondents have an income less than 20000. Hence, from the above four results(i. e. 6. 1 – 6. 4) it can be stated that most of the customers are female lying in the age group between 21-30. It can also be inferred that majority of the customers are business people with income level between 30000 -40000 frequent the store. 6. 5. Source of awareness: Majority of the respondents became aware of Pantaloons through advertisements in televisions and radio (i. e. 44%), 38% of the respondents became aware of Pantaloons through friends and relatives and 18% through advertisements in magazines and newspapers. 6. 6. Frequency of Visit: Majority of the respondents visit the store between 45- 60 days (i. e. 34%) , only 4% of the respondents visit the store once in 30 days, 18% of the respondents visit the store between 30 -45 days, 26% of the respondents visit the store between 60 -90 days and 14% of the respondents visit the store once in 90 days. 6. 7. Amount spent during purchase: It can be inferred that majority of the respondents spend between Rs. 2001 -4000(i. e. 38%), 22% of the respondents spend less than Rs. 2000, 24% of the respondents spend between Rs. 4001 – 6000 and 16% of the respondents spend above Rs. 6000. 6. 8. Type of product purchased: It can be inferred that majority of the respondents buy women apparels(i. e. 42%), 18% of the respondents buy women accessories, 22% of the respondents buy men apparels, 4% of the respondents buy men accessories and 14% of the respondents buy kids apparels. From the above four results (i. e. 6. 5- 6. 8) it can be inferred that most of the respondents became aware of Pantaloons through advertisement in television ,and most of them frequent the store once in 45 -60 days. It can also be inferred that most of the respondents spend between Rs. 2000 – 4000 during their purchase which implies that the affluent crowd frequent the store. 6. 9. Level of expectation: It can be inferred that majority of the respondents have a very high expectation from the store in terms of price,Customer service,Quality,offers,location and store ambience (i. e. 74%), 22% of the respondents have mediocre level of expectation only 2% of the respondents have very low expectations from the store. It can be understood that customers are likely to purchase from the store only when their level of expectation regarding the above parameters are fulfilled. 6. 10. Level of satisfaction: It can be inferred that majority of the respondents are satisfied with the store in terms of price,quality,customer service, ambience,location (i. e. 4%), 18% of the respondents are highly satisfied with the store, 8% of the respondents are not satisfied with the store and only 2% of the respondents are highly dissatisfied with the store. This result implies that most of the expectations of the respondents have been met by the store and that is the reason for having a large percentage of sat isfied customers (i. e. 54%). This result also implies that the store is taking considerable efforts to meet the expectations of the customers. CHAPTER 7 SUGGESTIONS TO THE RETAIL STORE The suggestions provided to the Pantaloons store are as follows: †¢ From the profile of the respondents, it can be seen that majority of them are females ( i. e . 74 % ). Hence, it can be inferred that the male customers are comparatively less. Therefore Pantaloons can develop new marketing strategies to attract the male population. †¢ Findings reveal that most of the respondents belong to the business sector ( 34%) with an income level between Rs. 30000 – 40000. Hence,Pantaloons can take measures to attract the customers belonging to other income groups. †¢ The results reveal that the age group above 40 do not frequent the shop(i. e 14%). Hence ,the store can develop marketing strategies to attract middle age customers by introducing apparels in the nature of their preference. †¢ Findings show that only a very small percent (i. 2%) of the men prefer to buy accessories in the store. Therefore,Pantaloons can introduce new and fashionable accessories inorder to create demand for it. †¢ The results reveals that most of the respondents have a very high expectation from Pantaloons in terms of price,quality,customer service,store location and ambience (i. e 74%). Therefore,the store should take necessary measures to keep up to the expectation of its customers. †¢ The study also reveals that only 18% of the respondents are highly satisfied with the store. Hence,Pantaloons should take all necessary measures to increase the level of satisfaction of its customers. CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION The retail markets in India is highly competitive due to increase in number of customers belonging to middle and higher income class,change in consumption pattern and opening up of economy due to liberalization,privatization and globalization. Against this background the study has attempted to analyze the profile and buying behaviour of the customers and the factors influencing the level of expectation and satisfaction of customers. The findings would enable the organisation to frame suitable strategies to enhance market share. Questionnaire The questionnaire below is to determine your perception and extent of satisfaction derived from Pantaloons in Bangalore. Kindly provide the details asked by encircling the option. 1. Name: 2. Age: ) less than 20 b) 21-30 c) 31-40 d) above 40 3. Gender: a) Male b) Female. 4. Occupation: a) Student b) Business c) Private service d) Government service e) Home maker. 5. Annual Income: a) less than 20000 b) 20001- 30000 c) 30001 -40000 d) above 40000 6. How did you come to know about Pantaloons? a) Magazines Newspapers b) Advertisements(t. v) c) friends relatives 7. What type of products do you purchase in Pantaloons? a) Men apparels b) Men accessories c) Women apparels d) Women accessories e) Kids apparels. 8. How much do you spend during each purchase? a) less than Rs. 2000 b) Rs. 2001 -4000 c) Rs. 4001 -6000 d) above Rs. 6000. 9. How often do you visit the store? ) once in 30 days b) 30 -45 days c) 45 -60 days d) 60 – 90 days e) above 90 days. 10. Please mark your level of expectation from the store regarding the listed parameters: |Parameters |High |Medium |Low | |Price | | | | |Quality | | | | |Customer service | | | | |Store location | | | | |Store ambience | | | | 11. Please mark your level of satisfaction obtained from the store: Parameters |Highly |satisfied |Neutral |Dissatisfied |Highly | | |satisfied | | | |dissatisfied | |Price | | | | | | |Quality | | | | | | |Customer service | | | | | | |Store location | | | | | | |Store ambience | | | | | | 12. Please give your suggestions: BIBLIOGRAPHY Books referred: 1. Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller(2006). Marketing Management ’,Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd,Twelfth edition. 2. Dr. D. D. Sharma(2005). ’Marketing Research’,Sultan Chand Sons,Third edition. 3. Uma Sekaran(2009). ’Research Methods for Business’,John Wiley Sons,Fourth edition. Websites referred: 1. www. scribd. com 2. web. ebscohost. com 3. www. retailing. com AIMS International,September 2009,Vol. 3 Issue 3,p207-220,13p; International Journal of Market Research,August 2006,Vol. 48 Issue 5,p620-627,7p. International Journal of Retail Management,2008,Vol. 35 Issue 8,p234-238,4p; Journal of Retailing,2009,Vol. 24 Issue 34,p56-62,6p; Journal of Marketing Management,2007,Vol-23 Issue 45,p45-50,5p;

Timeline of Writing and Typography Essay Example

Timeline of Writing and Typography Essay Writing is a very important aspect of todays civilization. With all the Internet and mobile phone messaging available today, a person can only wonder and be amazed by how far communication and the writing system has reached. From the early civilization of Mesopotamia to the ancient writing system of the early Egyptians — writing does indeed have a very long history and a very wonderful beginning and development.What a person may notice from many sources and researches is that writing did not really start with alphabet and letters. The early form of writing came to be because of the need of numbers and record keeping. The people from ancient civilizations had to find a way to record the things important to them which were related to their daily living, like the months or weeks before the next harvest or the amount which they have harvested. The need for more concrete means of record keeping and communication soon evolved, and before long, the early people started to draw. In fa ct, many writing systems of many cultures and countries are based on actual drawings which just later on became symbols and were finally simplified into letters (Fischer 13-20).The usage of pictures in depicting what a person wanted to say during the ancient times was not common as it can be seen today. The pictures that were drawn were used as a means of a messaging system. The need for a messaging system is the concept of how writing came to be. Thus, this is what this paper will focus on—a time line of the usage and development of the pictograms and other writing systems of the ancient civilizations.   Although the history and development of writing is very extensive and intensive, this paper will give a brief introduction to writing and will mainly focus on the time wherein pictograms were used and for how long this form of writing or means of communication was used by the people.Pictograms are basically the drawing and carving used by early civilizations to give messag es to one another or to record certain events and people (â€Å"Pictogram†). They could be seen as the earliest form of alphabet — carvings on the caves of the dwellings of the primitive man and the carvings on the temples and pyramid walls of the ancient Egyptians are more than proof to prove that the pictograms did exist. Men wrote pictograms as to depict what they wanted to say and wanted the others to know. Carvings on the wall were created as the ancient men wanted their descendants to know what happened to them or to pass some knowledge of some sort. As in the case of the Egyptians, the carvings on their pyramid and temple walls were to inform the descendants of the great legacy which their forebears had, while the case of the Mayan carvings were to inform the people of the steps of their rituals and traditions.However, more often than not, people back then would use writing for one important means — for survival. Thus, they recorded how many months to go before the next harvest or left a message to their wives that they would go hunting in the second mountain from where the sun rises. Their messages were direct and straight to the point as well as primitive. But no matter how primitive their writing may be, the message came across and was not misunderstood as they focused more on meaning rather than symbol or word formation.Perhaps, the people of the contemporary times would want to learn a thing or two from the ancient people when it comes to getting their messages across. No matter how modern and up-to-date the writing systems we may have now—what is most important is that the message comes across clearly and easily.;Works CitedCusack, Margaret Anne. An Illustrated History of Ireland. 22 June 2009.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ;http://www.libraryireland.com/HistoryIreland/Quipus.jpg;.Fischer, Steven Roger. A History of Writing. New York: Reaktion Books, 2004.Lagondwanaland.com. Notches. â€Å"Olantaytambo S tones.†Ã‚   22 June 2009.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ;http://lagondwanaland.com/Ancient_America/images/Olantaytambo_Stones.jpg;.Learncalligraphy.co.uk. Cuneiform. â€Å"The Sumerians.† Learn Calligraphy. 2009. 22 June   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2009. ;http://www.learncalligraphy.co.uk/cuneiform_tally.png;.Mayaindian.com. â€Å"Mayan Glyphs.† A Brief History of   the Mayan Empire. 2001. 22 June   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2009. ;http://www.mayaindian.com/pics/glyphs.gif;.Picasaweb.com. Ancient Pictograms. 22 June 2009.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ;http://lh5.ggpht.com/__LYmqH5KUmU/RrVu5rx1KaI/AAAAAAAAAFM/ALRowVb1MTY/pictogram.jpg;.â€Å"Pictogram.† Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 2009. 20 June 2009.;http://encarta.msn.com/text_761584731___0/Pictogram.html;.Vajda, Edward. â€Å"The Invention of Writing.† Pandora Web Space. 2001. Center forInstructional Innovation, Western Washington University. 20 June 2009.;http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test4materials/Writing2.htm;.;