Bullying and Good Job Essay - 725 Words

Bullying and School Violence The article title states exactly what the article talks about, the many different cases of bullying and violence in schools. The title tells you exactly what to expect from the abstract but does not give away any information on what it includes. The author did a good job deciding on the title because although it is simple, it grabs your attention, it certainly did mine. Bullying is a very common happening among young children so the title having the word bully in it, draws your attention. It could have been a little more creative but I do like the title and feel that it is both effective and appropriate. The purpose of the study is evident and can clearly and easily be derived from the title of the†¦show more content†¦Pennington, however, feels that children just need someone to talk to about being bullied and that the bullies are just misunderstood and are probably abused themselves and duplicate what they know. She writes very factually and gets straight to the point of what she is talking about and is rather effective at doing so. Pennington is a savvy researcher. She used some of her own research as well as the research of others who have studied the topic. Her methods are appropriate and they do offer some explanation for the problem. By her using the Columbine incident, she manages to paint a very vivid picture of in-school violence. The author uses other incidents to paint more everyday pictures and does a very good job of doing that as well. She describes herself attending conventions, and other types of sessions as well as speaking with known bullies and victims. She then analyzes all of her material and breaks it down into understandable information for the reader. The author does not give any results on what happened because it is an ongoing process. She did however, manage to give plans on what she and her colleagues plan to do in the future to attempt to put a stop to all the bullying that goes on. She plans on having more conventions an d putting a plan into motion to get teachers and counselors better training on how to pick up on and handle bullying situations. She also explains herShow MoreRelatedQuestions and Answer About Bullying, Types of Justice and Motivation1484 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 1. Workplace bullying demonstrates a lack of which one of the three types of organizational justice? Question 2 What aspects of motivation might workplace bullying reduce? For example, are there likely to be effects on an employee’s self-efficacy? If so, what might those effects be? Workplace bullying demonstrates a lack of which one of the three types of organizational justice? According to Jerald Greenberg, organizational justice is refers to an employee’s perception of theirRead MoreBullying Is The Job Of Parents And Schools929 Words   |  4 PagesBullying is when you force someone to do something they do not want to, and it can cause stress or then leads to suicide in some cases. In â€Å" Schoolyard Bullies † by Stephanie Simon, prosecutor James Backstrom maintains school bullies should go to jail. However, I do not think bullies should go to jail, because there are different degrees of bullying. Some bullies are victims, and sending bullies to jail does not cure them. Stopping bullying is the job of parents and schools. ParentsRead MoreHow Stress Affects Our Lives1684 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussion, but there are a few that are very important to me. They might not all be talked about on the news as much as the more prominent social problems occurring at the moment, but they are problems that I think affect the people in this country. Bullying, foreign relations, unemployment, education, and stress are all topics that I find affect our country and our lives immensely. Stress is a normal thing we experience every day. The thing is, most people go through very high levels of stress on aRead MoreThe Importance of Cyber Security1093 Words   |  4 Pagesvictims of cyber bullying, or the teasing and discrimination of others through online sources. The internet not only offers communication tactics, but also ways to keep track of your finances and shop from home. Identity theft through hacking is well known among the ones who risk putting their personal banking information online. Because of all the crime, the demand for cyber security is steadily increasing. With job opportunities for people even fresh out of college, cyber security is a job field worthRead MoreVertical Violence And Its Effects On The Nursing Profession1107 Words   |  5 Pagescontinuously ranked as the most trusted profession (Riffkin, 2014). 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The researchers have done a good job recruiting participants since the high response rate is likely to be due to the fact that they have originally sent questionnaires to 1,800 people, which is a sufficie nt number. However, the paper does not state how the researchers came to the conclusionRead MoreBullying And The School A Safer Place913 Words   |  4 Pagesindirectly shows how to stop bullying, it says that to stop bullying people need to have a good education. Bullying is the act of aggressive and continuous behavior against a weaker person that leads to physical and/or mental injuries. Most of bullying cases occur during childhood and in school years; this makes a kid to be afraid of going to school and not seizing the opportunity of having a good education. To stop this serious problem schools must take action on an anti-bullying campaign and make theRead MoreJustifying Evil for Good is Cruel912 Words   |  4 Pagesform that many can relate to is bullying. Whether having been bullied or been the one bullying others, those cruel memories can forever be imprinted on one’s heart. In â€Å"White Lies,† Erin Murphy, expresses that although bullying is wrong, tryi ng to justify bad deeds for good is equally cruel. Using rhetorical and tonal elements, Murphy stirs emotions with pathos, â€Å"perhapsing† with logos, and vivid images with diction. Murphy expresses how justifying bad deeds for good is cruel by first stirring the

Essay about Dreams - 1935 Words

Dreams Thesis: We dream thousands of dreams every night, but why and what do they mean? I. The basics about dreams A. History 1. Ancient theories 2. Research B. What is dreaming 1. Definition 2. Types a. Insight b. Lucid c. Precognitive d. Review e. Gratification f. Physical C. Why do we dream II. The Interpretation of dreams A. Four stages 1. Understand content 2. Influence 3. Characterization 4. Order and context B. Interpretation Today 1. Gestalt vs. Freudian 2. Outcome III. Nightmares A. What are nightmares B. Types 1. Daymare 2. D-Nightmare 3. D-Sleep C. How often IV. Daydreaming A. What is daydreaming B. Two general categories 1. Elaborate fantasies 2. Recurring fantasies C. Daydreaming†¦show more content†¦Dreaming of birds was also a sign from the gods. Birds symbolize different types of people. Birds also had an important meaning in a dream to the Greeks. For instance, eagles stood for powerful men and women, and pigeons of mean women (Holroyd 56). The Greeks thoughts and ideas about dreams gave the people of today their basis for figure out just what dreams are really about. In my research I found that there are six different types of dreams. The first type is insight. It provides a solution or clarification to an issue in your life. The second type of dreaming is lucid dreaming. These dreams we have and know we are just dreaming and that it is not really happening. The next type is precognitive dreams. They predict the outcome of events in your life. They are like a fortune teller or palm reader telling us our future. Then there are review dreams, these dreams let us look at ourselves to show us how our lives have become like they are. T hey let us look at ourselves from an outsider’s point of view. The next type of dream is the gratification dreams. These dreams fulfill our wants and satisfy our desires. They give us â€Å"what we want when we want it† (Home1.gte.net). The last type of dream is the physical dream. They are dreams that linger with us even after the dream is over and we are awake. They use imagery that is â€Å"physical or emotional† (Home1.gte.net). These six categoriesShow MoreRelatedDreams And Dreams : Dreams1425 Words   |  6 PagesAvery Alexander English III Mr. Tarr 26 April 2015 Dreams Throughout our dreaming experience, we feel different sensations, emotions, and thoughts interpreted through images in a person’s mind. During our unconscious process, the meanings of our inner thoughts are experienced through dreams. Some psychologists believe dreams are connected to our real emotions and others may see dreams as a specific meaning related to one’s life (Young). 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If they were good dreams, they would be interpretedRead MoreDreams And The Subconscious : Dreams Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesDreams and the Subconscious Are dreams a way of processing life events, or are they really messages from the subconscious? This phenomenon has always interested me, and I am extremely grateful this opportunity has arisen for me to research dreams in more depth. Since childhood, I have been intrigued with dreams and how similar they can be for each person. For instance, many people have recurring nightmares of being chased. According to Huffington Post, being chased is one of the most common dreamsRead MoreDreams : A Lucid Dream1097 Words   |  5 PagesBeing able to understand what dreams represent and how they effect a person should be something everyone should understand. Dreams can be a small glimpse or feel so real that it is unbelievable. The issue people have the most is remembering. They can not remember if they spoke with another individual in actually life or if it was all apart of their dream they had. There is so much confusion that the person is almost embarrassed to ask if the event actually happe ned. A dream like this is considered oneRead MoreThe Dream Of A Lucid Dream1403 Words   |  6 PagesIt is said that a lucid dream is a dream that can be induced or controlled and is characterized by the dreamer being aware that he or she is dreaming (Lucid). When lucidity occurs, the dreamer â€Å"wakes up† inside the dream during fixed states of cognizance. Dreams are caused by things â€Å"†¦our mind knows, however which we cannot handle, is disturbing or something that we keep reiterating to ourselves† (Ganguly). This is why distinguishing significant dream symbols from ambient symbols is important forRead MoreDreams : What Are Dreams?1174 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are dreams? 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A Study on Customer Satisfaction with Pantaloons Essay Example For Students

A Study on Customer Satisfaction with Pantaloons Essay A STUDY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION WITH PANTALOONS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY The Indian Retail Industry is the largest among all the industries ,accounting for over 10 percent of the country’s GDP and around 8 percent of the employment. The Retail Industry in India has come forth as one of the most dynamic and fast paced industries with several players entering the market. Modern retailing has emerged in India in the form of bustling shopping centres,multi-stored malls and large complexes that offer shopping,food and variety of ways of entertainment. This study mainly deals with the customer’s perception towards Pantaloons,which is a retail apparels store. This store is located in many cities across India,but this study pertains to the Pantaloons store in Bangalore. Pantaloon Retail (India) Limited, is a large Indian retailer, which is part of the Future Group, and operates multiple retail formats in both the value and lifestyle segment of the Indian consumer market. Headquartered in Mumbai, the company has over 1,000 stores across 71 cities in India and employs over 30,000 people, and as of 2010, it was the countrys largest listed retailer by market capitalization and revenue. Pantaloons is among Indias largest chains of fashion stores. Pantaloons Fresh Fashion, with its focus on fresh look, feel and attitude offers, trendy and hip collections that are in sync with the hopes and aspirations of discerning young and young-at-heart consumers. Pantaloons Fresh Fashion stands out as a fashion trendsetter, on the lines of how fashion is followed internationally. This fresh fashion destination allows customers to shop for the latest in fashion apparel and accessories throughout the year in an attractive and visually stimulating ambience. Pantaloons Fresh Fashion stores have presence with stores not just in Metros but also in smaller towns. All stores have a wide variety of categories like casual wear, ethnic wear, formalwear, party wear and sportswear for Men, Women and Kids. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter deals with the review of literature collected from different sources: Rajyalakshmi Nittala,A. Vijaya Kameswari(2009) have undertaken a study on how organizations need to attract and retain customersto ensure a sustainable competitive advantage. To achieve this objective, service organizations must focus on their efforts to developing and sustaining an organizational culture that emphasizes internal customer well being as a means to attract and retain external customer patronage. In the service industry, customer satisfaction levels are revealed during what we like to call themoments of truth, being the moment that the customer comes in contact with afront-line employee of the firm . This made the interaction between people within the organization and the external customers more vital. In retail sector instead of selling services they will eventually start to sell experiences that augment the actual product. The study states that retail stores should concentrate on internal marketing to have satisfied employees to deliver customer satisfaction. Ipek Deveci Kocakoc and Ali Sen(2006) have undertaken a study on improvement areas for customer satisfaction along the supply chain. The study states that today’s competitive environment means that companies need to understand their customers’ expectations and preferences, and use these as a guide in order to achieve competitive advantage. In dynamic market conditions, it is vitally important to perceive and satisfy customer needs. If customer satisfaction measurements are used as a source of improvement efforts, results will be more satisfactory and realistic. Mass production usually creates a gap between manufacturers and endusers. Faced with a vast proliferation of both domestic and, as well as markets that are often ecoming increasingly fragmented, a number of producers of goods and services have chosen to outsource many activities of the sales function to resellers who have the market knowledge, sales expertise or distribution network to bring the product to market more effectively and efficiently than the producer can do alone. M. D. Rashid Khan(2008) has undertaken a study on customer percepti on on the marketing strategies followed by Pantaloons for brand building. This study states that a customer thinks in different ways and this is termed as consumer behaviour. A customer wants to get the full value of his/her money and full satisfaction from the product. If the store succeeds to satisfy the customer,then the store can easily form their brand image. The store should make a good strategy regarding all aspects of business. Puccinelli,Nancy. M. Goodstein,Ronald. c,Grewal (2009) have undertaken a study on customer experience management in retailing:understanding the buying process. This article states that retailers greater understanding of consumers can enhance customer satisfaction and retail performance. This article seeks to enrich the understanding of existing consumer behaviour literature and suggests specific elements of consumer behaviour goals,schema etc that play an important role during various stages of consumer decision process. Ahmad Jamal,Mohammad Al-Mari (2007) have undertaken a study on exploring the effect of self-image congruence and brand preference on satisfaction. This article states that prior research has reported that self-image congruence can influence brand preference, brand satisfaction and purchase intentions. With the help of an empirical research, the paper argues that while self-image congruence may be related to satisfaction in general in the automobile market, it may not necessarily affect satisfaction judgements when customers have higher levels of expertise. The paper discusses implications for brand managers and argues to take into account customer characteristics such as customer expertise while developing positioning strategies. The purpose of this research is to explore the impact of self-image congruence and brand preference on brand satisfaction among expert and novice customers of automobile brands. CHAPTER 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objectives of the study are: †¢ To understand the profile and buying behaviour of Pantaloons customers in Bangalore. †¢ To analyze the key factors influencing shopping at Pantaloons. †¢ To understand the level of expectation and satisfaction of Pantaloons customers. †¢ To study the influence of demographic variables on the expectation and satisfaction level . †¢ To analyze the gap between the level of expectation and satisfaction of customers. †¢ To provide suggestions for improvement. 3. 1 Scope of the Study: This research gives a broad frame work of the Pantaloons customers and an analysis of their profile and buying behaviour. This can be used as a guideline in the formulation of future business plans and also to make changes in the current activities. It gives an idea to the retailer about the areas which need emphasis and development. This study has been conducted in the pantaloons store in Bangalore city. This study has obtained data from Pantaloons customers residing in Coimbatore and tiruppur zone also. A sample size of 50 respondents has been considered. All classes of customers were met and their views were analyzed. Understanding the customer in terms of their profile, buying behaviour,expectation and satisfaction is important. This is identified as the problem area and the study has attempted to address the above said issues with respect to Pantaloons in Bangalore. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY a) Type of Study: The type of the study is descriptive in nature since it describes the level of satisfaction the customers have obtained from Pantaloons. b) Sampling Design: The sampling design consists of sampling method and sample size. The sampling method used is convenient method of sampling since the population is infinite. The sample size is 50 respondents. The respondents are customers of Pantaloons store in Bangalore,Coimbatore and Tiruppur city. c)Source of Data: The data used is primary in nature. The data has been obtained from the customers who frequent Pantaloons. The method used to collect primary data is through questionnaires. d) Instrument used: The instrument used to obtain data from customers is questionnaires. Questionnaires have been circulated to Pantaloons customers esiding in Coimbatore,Tiruppur and Bangalore. Telephone interviews had also been conducted with certain customers residing in Bangalore. e)Tools for Analysis: The statistical tool used for analysis is: †¢ Percentage analysis. Percentage Analysis: Percentage analysis is used to describe the profile of respondents and buying behaviour of Pantaloons customers. It also states the level of satisfaction derived by the customers from t he store. CHAPTER 5 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 5. 1 Age of the Respondents: The following table gives the age of the respondents considered in the study. Brave New World And The Giver: Similar Yet Differe EssayIt can be seen that majority of the respondents have income level between 30001- 40000 (i. e. 38%), and only 6% of the respondents have an income less than 20000. Hence, from the above four results(i. e. 6. 1 – 6. 4) it can be stated that most of the customers are female lying in the age group between 21-30. It can also be inferred that majority of the customers are business people with income level between 30000 -40000 frequent the store. 6. 5. Source of awareness: Majority of the respondents became aware of Pantaloons through advertisements in televisions and radio (i. e. 44%), 38% of the respondents became aware of Pantaloons through friends and relatives and 18% through advertisements in magazines and newspapers. 6. 6. Frequency of Visit: Majority of the respondents visit the store between 45- 60 days (i. e. 34%) , only 4% of the respondents visit the store once in 30 days, 18% of the respondents visit the store between 30 -45 days, 26% of the respondents visit the store between 60 -90 days and 14% of the respondents visit the store once in 90 days. 6. 7. Amount spent during purchase: It can be inferred that majority of the respondents spend between Rs. 2001 -4000(i. e. 38%), 22% of the respondents spend less than Rs. 2000, 24% of the respondents spend between Rs. 4001 – 6000 and 16% of the respondents spend above Rs. 6000. 6. 8. Type of product purchased: It can be inferred that majority of the respondents buy women apparels(i. e. 42%), 18% of the respondents buy women accessories, 22% of the respondents buy men apparels, 4% of the respondents buy men accessories and 14% of the respondents buy kids apparels. From the above four results (i. e. 6. 5- 6. 8) it can be inferred that most of the respondents became aware of Pantaloons through advertisement in television ,and most of them frequent the store once in 45 -60 days. It can also be inferred that most of the respondents spend between Rs. 2000 – 4000 during their purchase which implies that the affluent crowd frequent the store. 6. 9. Level of expectation: It can be inferred that majority of the respondents have a very high expectation from the store in terms of price,Customer service,Quality,offers,location and store ambience (i. e. 74%), 22% of the respondents have mediocre level of expectation only 2% of the respondents have very low expectations from the store. It can be understood that customers are likely to purchase from the store only when their level of expectation regarding the above parameters are fulfilled. 6. 10. Level of satisfaction: It can be inferred that majority of the respondents are satisfied with the store in terms of price,quality,customer service, ambience,location (i. e. 4%), 18% of the respondents are highly satisfied with the store, 8% of the respondents are not satisfied with the store and only 2% of the respondents are highly dissatisfied with the store. This result implies that most of the expectations of the respondents have been met by the store and that is the reason for having a large percentage of sat isfied customers (i. e. 54%). This result also implies that the store is taking considerable efforts to meet the expectations of the customers. CHAPTER 7 SUGGESTIONS TO THE RETAIL STORE The suggestions provided to the Pantaloons store are as follows: †¢ From the profile of the respondents, it can be seen that majority of them are females ( i. e . 74 % ). Hence, it can be inferred that the male customers are comparatively less. Therefore Pantaloons can develop new marketing strategies to attract the male population. †¢ Findings reveal that most of the respondents belong to the business sector ( 34%) with an income level between Rs. 30000 – 40000. Hence,Pantaloons can take measures to attract the customers belonging to other income groups. †¢ The results reveal that the age group above 40 do not frequent the shop(i. e 14%). Hence ,the store can develop marketing strategies to attract middle age customers by introducing apparels in the nature of their preference. †¢ Findings show that only a very small percent (i. 2%) of the men prefer to buy accessories in the store. Therefore,Pantaloons can introduce new and fashionable accessories inorder to create demand for it. †¢ The results reveals that most of the respondents have a very high expectation from Pantaloons in terms of price,quality,customer service,store location and ambience (i. e 74%). Therefore,the store should take necessary measures to keep up to the expectation of its customers. †¢ The study also reveals that only 18% of the respondents are highly satisfied with the store. Hence,Pantaloons should take all necessary measures to increase the level of satisfaction of its customers. CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION The retail markets in India is highly competitive due to increase in number of customers belonging to middle and higher income class,change in consumption pattern and opening up of economy due to liberalization,privatization and globalization. Against this background the study has attempted to analyze the profile and buying behaviour of the customers and the factors influencing the level of expectation and satisfaction of customers. The findings would enable the organisation to frame suitable strategies to enhance market share. Questionnaire The questionnaire below is to determine your perception and extent of satisfaction derived from Pantaloons in Bangalore. Kindly provide the details asked by encircling the option. 1. Name: 2. Age: ) less than 20 b) 21-30 c) 31-40 d) above 40 3. Gender: a) Male b) Female. 4. Occupation: a) Student b) Business c) Private service d) Government service e) Home maker. 5. Annual Income: a) less than 20000 b) 20001- 30000 c) 30001 -40000 d) above 40000 6. How did you come to know about Pantaloons? a) Magazines Newspapers b) Advertisements(t. v) c) friends relatives 7. What type of products do you purchase in Pantaloons? a) Men apparels b) Men accessories c) Women apparels d) Women accessories e) Kids apparels. 8. How much do you spend during each purchase? a) less than Rs. 2000 b) Rs. 2001 -4000 c) Rs. 4001 -6000 d) above Rs. 6000. 9. How often do you visit the store? ) once in 30 days b) 30 -45 days c) 45 -60 days d) 60 – 90 days e) above 90 days. 10. Please mark your level of expectation from the store regarding the listed parameters: |Parameters |High |Medium |Low | |Price | | | | |Quality | | | | |Customer service | | | | |Store location | | | | |Store ambience | | | | 11. Please mark your level of satisfaction obtained from the store: Parameters |Highly |satisfied |Neutral |Dissatisfied |Highly | | |satisfied | | | |dissatisfied | |Price | | | | | | |Quality | | | | | | |Customer service | | | | | | |Store location | | | | | | |Store ambience | | | | | | 12. Please give your suggestions: BIBLIOGRAPHY Books referred: 1. Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller(2006). Marketing Management ’,Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd,Twelfth edition. 2. Dr. D. D. Sharma(2005). ’Marketing Research’,Sultan Chand Sons,Third edition. 3. Uma Sekaran(2009). ’Research Methods for Business’,John Wiley Sons,Fourth edition. Websites referred: 1. www. scribd. com 2. web. ebscohost. com 3. www. retailing. com AIMS International,September 2009,Vol. 3 Issue 3,p207-220,13p; International Journal of Market Research,August 2006,Vol. 48 Issue 5,p620-627,7p. International Journal of Retail Management,2008,Vol. 35 Issue 8,p234-238,4p; Journal of Retailing,2009,Vol. 24 Issue 34,p56-62,6p; Journal of Marketing Management,2007,Vol-23 Issue 45,p45-50,5p;

Timeline of Writing and Typography Essay Example

Timeline of Writing and Typography Essay Writing is a very important aspect of todays civilization. With all the Internet and mobile phone messaging available today, a person can only wonder and be amazed by how far communication and the writing system has reached. From the early civilization of Mesopotamia to the ancient writing system of the early Egyptians — writing does indeed have a very long history and a very wonderful beginning and development.What a person may notice from many sources and researches is that writing did not really start with alphabet and letters. The early form of writing came to be because of the need of numbers and record keeping. The people from ancient civilizations had to find a way to record the things important to them which were related to their daily living, like the months or weeks before the next harvest or the amount which they have harvested. The need for more concrete means of record keeping and communication soon evolved, and before long, the early people started to draw. In fa ct, many writing systems of many cultures and countries are based on actual drawings which just later on became symbols and were finally simplified into letters (Fischer 13-20).The usage of pictures in depicting what a person wanted to say during the ancient times was not common as it can be seen today. The pictures that were drawn were used as a means of a messaging system. The need for a messaging system is the concept of how writing came to be. Thus, this is what this paper will focus on—a time line of the usage and development of the pictograms and other writing systems of the ancient civilizations.   Although the history and development of writing is very extensive and intensive, this paper will give a brief introduction to writing and will mainly focus on the time wherein pictograms were used and for how long this form of writing or means of communication was used by the people.Pictograms are basically the drawing and carving used by early civilizations to give messag es to one another or to record certain events and people (â€Å"Pictogram†). They could be seen as the earliest form of alphabet — carvings on the caves of the dwellings of the primitive man and the carvings on the temples and pyramid walls of the ancient Egyptians are more than proof to prove that the pictograms did exist. Men wrote pictograms as to depict what they wanted to say and wanted the others to know. Carvings on the wall were created as the ancient men wanted their descendants to know what happened to them or to pass some knowledge of some sort. As in the case of the Egyptians, the carvings on their pyramid and temple walls were to inform the descendants of the great legacy which their forebears had, while the case of the Mayan carvings were to inform the people of the steps of their rituals and traditions.However, more often than not, people back then would use writing for one important means — for survival. Thus, they recorded how many months to go before the next harvest or left a message to their wives that they would go hunting in the second mountain from where the sun rises. Their messages were direct and straight to the point as well as primitive. But no matter how primitive their writing may be, the message came across and was not misunderstood as they focused more on meaning rather than symbol or word formation.Perhaps, the people of the contemporary times would want to learn a thing or two from the ancient people when it comes to getting their messages across. No matter how modern and up-to-date the writing systems we may have now—what is most important is that the message comes across clearly and easily.;Works CitedCusack, Margaret Anne. An Illustrated History of Ireland. 22 June 2009.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ;http://www.libraryireland.com/HistoryIreland/Quipus.jpg;.Fischer, Steven Roger. A History of Writing. New York: Reaktion Books, 2004.Lagondwanaland.com. Notches. â€Å"Olantaytambo S tones.†Ã‚   22 June 2009.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ;http://lagondwanaland.com/Ancient_America/images/Olantaytambo_Stones.jpg;.Learncalligraphy.co.uk. Cuneiform. â€Å"The Sumerians.† Learn Calligraphy. 2009. 22 June   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2009. ;http://www.learncalligraphy.co.uk/cuneiform_tally.png;.Mayaindian.com. â€Å"Mayan Glyphs.† A Brief History of   the Mayan Empire. 2001. 22 June   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2009. ;http://www.mayaindian.com/pics/glyphs.gif;.Picasaweb.com. Ancient Pictograms. 22 June 2009.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ;http://lh5.ggpht.com/__LYmqH5KUmU/RrVu5rx1KaI/AAAAAAAAAFM/ALRowVb1MTY/pictogram.jpg;.â€Å"Pictogram.† Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 2009. 20 June 2009.;http://encarta.msn.com/text_761584731___0/Pictogram.html;.Vajda, Edward. â€Å"The Invention of Writing.† Pandora Web Space. 2001. Center forInstructional Innovation, Western Washington University. 20 June 2009.;http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test4materials/Writing2.htm;.;

Agriculture Methods of Today essays

Agriculture Methods of Today essays Agriculture has come a long way throughout the years. The traditional methods of sowing seeds into the earth and reaping its harvest date back to Biblical days. Today, from the old granny who plants rose gardens to bonsai specialists, growing and cultivation span race, creed, sex, religion, and social status. As man acquires more knowledge and technology improves, planting has become a science in itself. Hydroponics and the new aeroponic systems of growing crops have recently evolved. Farmers, however, are not the only ones reaping the benefits of these new technologies. Although NASA and the military alike have been experimenting with ways to improve growing soil medium, hydroponics, and aeroponics, it is a new breed of scientists who are refining growing methods. Whether they sell it or smoke it themselves, the witty cultivators of today are cannabis connoisseurs. Cannabis sativa, better known as marijuana, weed, or ganja, is a tall annual deciduous plant native to central Asia. Th e use of this plant, however, has spread worldwide. The leaves, which contain the non-narcotic group of psychoactive chemicals collectively known as Tetra-hydrocannibinol (THC), are smoked or chewed for a euphoric effect. Varieties of this herb- there are over sixteen types- differ in growth characteristics such as height, width, branching traits, leaf size, leaf shape, flowering time, yield, potency, taste, and aroma. Regardless of the different characteristics, marijuana is rated by how strong it is, and for the most part, potency is a factor of genetics. Some plants have the genetic potential of producing high grade marijuana and others do not. The goal of the cultivator is to allow the high THC plants to reach their full potential, resulting in a better "high." Just as with any plant, cultivation of cannabis can occur in soil, hydroponics, or aeroponic media. The most common medium for growing marijuana, whether indoors or outdoors, is through soil. R...

How to Find the Mean of a Set of Numbers Formula and Examples

How to Find the Mean of a Set of Numbers Formula and Examples SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you taking the SAT or ACT and want to make sure you know how to work with data sets? Or maybe you’re looking to refresh your memory for a high school or college math class. Whatever the case, it’s important you know how to find the mean of a data set. We'll explain what the mean is used for in math, how to calculate the mean, and what problems about the mean can look like. What Is a Mean and What Is It Used For? The mean, or arithmetic mean, is the average value of a set of numbers. More specifically, it's the measure of a "central" or typical tendency in a given set of data. Mean- often simply called the "average"- is a term used in statistics and data analysis. In addition, it's not unusual to hear the words "mean" or "average" used with the terms "mode," "median," and "range," which are other methods of calculating the patterns and common values in data sets. Briefly, here are the definitions of these terms: Mode- the value that appears most frequently in a data set Median- the middle value of a data set (when arranged from lowest value to highest) Range- the difference between the highest and smallest values in a data set So what is the purpose of the mean exactly? If you have a data set with a wide range of numbers, knowing the mean can give you a general sense of how these numbers could essentially be put together into a single representative value. For example, if you’re a high school student getting ready to take the SAT, you might be interested to know the current mean SAT score. Knowing the mean score gives you a rough idea of how most students taking the SAT tend to score on it. How to Find the Mean: Overview To find the arithmetic mean of a data set, all you need to do is add up all the numbers in the data set and then divide the sum by the total number of values. Let’s look at an example. Say you’re given the following set of data: $$6, 10, 3, 27, 19, 2, 5, 14$$ To find the mean, you’ll first need to add up all the values in the data set like this: $$6 + 10 + 3 + 27 + 19 + 2 + 5 + 14$$ Note that you don’t need to rearrange the values here (though you may if you wish to) and can simply add them in the order in which they’ve been presented to you. Next, write down the sum of all the values: $$6 + 10 + 3 + 27 + 19 + 2 + 5 + 14 = \bo86$$ The last step is to take this sum (86) and divide it by the number of values in the data set. Because there are eight different values (6, 10, 3, 27, 19, 2, 5, 14), we'll be dividing 86 by 8: $$86 / 8 = 10.75$$ The mean, or average, for this set of data is 10.75. How to Calculate a Mean: Practice Questions Now that you know how to find the average- in other words,how to calculate the mean of a given set of data- it’s time to test what you’ve learned. In this section, we'll give you four math questions that involve finding or using the mean. The first two questions are our own, whereas the second two are official SAT/ACT questions; as such, these two will require a little bit more thought. Scroll past the questions for the answers and answer explanations. Practice Question 1 Find the mean of the following set of numbers: 5, 26, 9, 14, 49, 31, 109, 5. Practice Question 2 You are given the following list of numbers: 4, 4, 2, , 6, $X$, 1, 3, 2. The arithmetic mean is 4. What is the value of $X$? Practice Question 3 The list of numbers 41, 35, 30, $X, Y$, 15 has a median of 25. The mode of the list of numbers is 15. To the nearest whole number, what is the mean of the list? 20 25 26 27 30 Source: 2018-19 Official ACT Practice Test Practice Question 4 At a primate reserve, the mean age of all the male primates is 15 years, and the mean age of all female primates is 19 years. Which of the following must be true about the mean age $m$ of the combined group of male and female primates at the primate reserve? $m = 17$ $m 17$ $m 17$ $15 m 19$ Source: The College Board How to Find the Average: Answers + Explanations Once you’vetried out the four practice questions above, it’s time to compare your answers and see whether you understand not just how to find the mean of data but also how to use what you know about the mean to more effectively approach any math questions that deal with averages. Here are the answers to the four practice questions above: Practice Question 1: 31 Practice Question 2: 3 Practice Question 3: C. 26 Practice Question 4: D. $15 m 19$ Keep reading to see the answer explanation for each question. Practice Question 1 Answer Explanation Find the mean of the following set of numbers: 5, 26, 9, 14, 49, 31, 109, 5. This is a straightforward question that simply asks you to calculate the arithmetic mean of a given data set. First, add up all the numbers in the data set (remember that you don’t need toarrangethem in order from lowest to highest- only do this if you’re trying to find the median): $$5 + 26 + 9 + 14 + 49 + 31 + 109 + 5 = \bo248$$ Next, take this sum and divide it by the number of values in the data set.Here, there are eight total values, so we'll divide 248 by 8: $$248 / 8 = 31$$ The mean and correct answer is 31. Practice Question 2 Answer Explanation You are given the following list of numbers: 4, 4, 2, , 6, $X$, 1, 3, 2. The arithmetic mean is 4. What is the value of $X$? For this question, you’re essentially working backward: you already know the mean and now must use this knowledge to help you solve for the missing value, $X$, in the data set. Recall that to find the mean, you add up all the numbers in a set and then divide the sum by the total number of values. Since we know the mean is 4, we’ll start by multiplying 4 by the number of values (there are nine separate numbers here, including $X$): $$4 * 9 = 36$$ This gives us the sum of the data set (36). Now, the question becomes an algebra problem, in which all we need to do is simplify and solve for $X$: $$4 + 4 + 2 + + 6 + X + 1 + 3 + 2 = 36$$ $$33 + X = 36$$ $$X = 3$$ The correct answer is 3. Practice makes perfect! Practice Question 3 Answer Explanation The list of numbers 41, 35, 30, $X, Y$, 15 has a median of 25. The mode of the list of numbers is 15. To the nearest whole number, what is the mean of the list? 20 25 26 27 30 This tricky-looking math problem comes from an official ACT practice test, so you can expect it to be a little less direct than your typical arithmetic mean problem. Here, we’re given a data set with two unknown values: 41, 35, 30, $X, Y$, 15 We’re also given two critical pieces of information: The mode is 15 The median is 25 To solve for the mean of this data set, we will need to use all the information we’ve been given and will also need to know what the mode and median are. As a reminder, the mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set, while the median is the middle value in a data set (when all values have been arranged from lowest to highest). Since the mode is 15, this must mean that the value 15 appears at least twice in the data set (in other words, more times than any other value appears). As a result, we can say replace either $X$ or $Y$ with 15: $$41, 35, 30, X, 15, 15$$ We’re also told that the median is 25. To find the median, you must first rearrangethe data set in order from lowest value to highest value. Sincethe median is more than 15 but less than 30, we should put $\bi X$ between these two values. Here’s what we get when we rearrange our values from lowest to highest: $$15, 15, X, 30, 35, 41$$ There are six values in total, (including $X$) meaning that the median will be the number exactly halfway between the third and fourth values in the data set.In short,25 (the median) must come halfway between $X$ and 30. This means that $X$ must equal 20, since that would put it 5 away from 20 and 5 away from 30 (or halfway between the two values). We now have a complete data set with no unknown values: $$15, 15, 20, 30, 35, 41$$ All we have to do now is use these values to solve for the mean. Start by adding them all up: $$15 + 15 + 20 + 30 + 35 + 41 = 156$$ Finally, divide the sum by the number of values in the data set (that’s six): $$156 / 6 = 26$$ The correct answer is C. 26. Practice Question 4 Answer Explanation At a primate reserve, the mean age of all the male primates is 15 years, and the mean age of all female primates is 19 years. Which of the following must be true about the mean age $m$ of the combined group of male and female primates at the primate reserve? $m = 17$ $m 17$ $m 17$ $15 m 19$ This practice problem is an official SAT Math practice question from the College Board website. For this math question, you’re not expected to solve for the mean but must instead use what you know about two means to explain what the mean of the larger group could be. Specifically, we're being asked how we can use these two means to express, in algebraic terms, the mean age ($\bi m$) forbothmale and female primates. Here’s what we know: first, the mean age of all male primates is 15 years. Secondly, the mean age of all female primates is 19 years.This means that, in general,the female primates are older than the male primates. Since the mean age for male primates (15) is lower than that for female primates (19), we know that the mean age for both groups cannot logically exceed 19 years. Similarly, because the mean age for female primates is greater than that for male primates, we know that the mean age for both cannot logically fall below 15 years. We are therefore left with the understanding that the mean age for the male and female primates together must be greater than 15 years (the mean age of the males) but also less than 19 years (the mean age of the females). This rationale can be written as the following inequality: $$15 m 19$$ The correct answer is D. 15 $\bi m$ 19. What’s Next? Tolearn even more about data sets,look at our guide to the best strategies for mean, median, and mode on SAT Math. Taking the SAT or ACT soon? Then you'll definitely want to know what kind of math you're going to be tested on. Check out our in-depth guides to the SAT Math section and the ACT Math sectionto get started. What are the most important math formulas to know for the SAT and ACT?Get an overview of the 28 critical SAT formulas and the 31 critical ACT formulasyou should know.

The rationale of a reduction in incarceration in the United States Essay - 1

The rationale of a reduction in incarceration in the United States - Essay Example Some of these men and women have families who depended on them and once they are put in jails, it means that their source of income have been lost (Arditti, 2012). Such a move leaves that family in poverty as they can no longer cater for their basic needs. In order to make the ends meet, such a family may turn to crime as the only alternative. In this way, incarceration end up creating more problems rather than providing a solution. Reducing incarceration should not be based on the manner of health. This is because, if prisoners can be well checked in matters pertain to their health, both mental and physical illness cannot be witnessed in prisons. Law enforces must also put into consideration the way offenders have been brought up by their parents before determining the incarceration period. Some parents neglect their children forcing them to turn to crime. Therefore, such children need to be considered and their term be reduced. In addition, there is also a need for counseling of such

Revenue Policy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Revenue Policy - Coursework Example Government budgets are usually limited by the amount of revenue obtained from various sources such as taxes among others, thus the need to tie expenditures close to community needs and goals. Aligning revenue policy with community values ensures that revenue is expended on the most urgent needs of the society. It ensures that development activities aimed at achieving the objectives of the community. According to Morgan, Robinson, Strachota & Hough, James (2014), administrators in public office â€Å"should recognize and honor community calls for government response and services† (P. 216). Revenue policy aligned with community values enable the government to focus on the preferences of citizens and focus more on how to provide the community with what the citizens want most (Moryl, 2010). Revenue policy alignment with community values also ensure that appropriate tax policies are implemented, taking different economic backgrounds of citizens (Devas, Blore & Slater, 2012). As such, it is significant to align revenue policy with the values of the society in order to ensure that the preferences of the citizens are met and that the overall development objectives and act ivities to further such objectives are adequately funded. Aligning revenue policy with community values enables the government to focus on the overall welfare of the community. Moryl, R.L. (2010). Alignment of community preferences, Economic Development Goals and Policy: Considering Economic Development Goals, their Expression and Their Execution in Economically Struggling Communities. Retrieved on November 30, 2014 from

Work Experience Essay Example for Free

Work Experience Essay Thursday, a new day, I was actually looking forward to seeing what today had to bring. I was right to wonder as today we were doing the normal lessons of Maths, P. E, English and History, which we do Thursdays, but today we were also going to do painting. The children were excited, and so was I. After our fun last lesson of the day of painting it was time to pack up and go home. I, on the otherhand had to stay and clean up, which I did not mind as I had seen how much the children enjoyed painting and just the smiles on their faces gave me motivation and me smile too. Friday, the day I had at first been looking forward to but was now dreading all week had come. I was upset at the thought of leaving the children that had made me feel so welcome and had made me smile not stop for the past two weeks. The day was all right. It started the same way and was pretty much the same, apart from the gut feeling I had. As the day went on I tried my hardest to explain to the children that I was going back to my own school, to do my work. They did not understand, no matter how much I explained. After two weeks it was over, it was the end of the day on Friday and I was going to have to say goodbye. All of sudden two children missing and five minutes later they returned with a big card for me. I was very emotional at this point as I held back my tears. In the card they had all signed it and had drawn pictures of themselves. I also had six pictures that Ross, Daryl, Chloe, Steph and Katie had drawn for me. As the children left they all hugged me and took a handful of marshmallows, which I had brought in for them. I remember saying goodbye to all of them and holding back my tears. There was of course two favourites, isnt there always but these two were special to me as they had me feel so comfortable around them and had always been grabbing my hand at every chance. These two children were Chloe and Daryl. Although me and Daryl did have our moments, like when he decided that he had just about enough of me and he stuck his finger up at me, which to be honest was quite funny and when Chloe gave me a photo of herself and her granddad which I of course returned to her tray without her knowing. I then picked up my bag and walked out of Ruislip Gardens Primary School one last time. I left and caught my bus home feeling sad and shedding a tear or two. From work experience I feel that I have matured a lot and that I definitely know that this is definitely the line of work I am interested in. I have below written my own poem of my experience of work experience. The moment that I first saw it I was terrified, but little did I no the children were going to be right by my side. The children they were lovely and the staff they were too, Things did not turn out how I had expected and all the things I had imagined they were not at all true. I am glad that I had gone there to work and act mature, But I am definite I am eager to start the real World of work and this I am sure. Now there is one thing I would want to say and I want everyone at Ruislip Gardens to know too, I would like to say this and I mean it, THANK-YOU.

The Life and Literary Works of Shirley Jackson Essay -- Essays Papers

Shirley Jackson was born on December 14, 1919 to Leslie and Geraldine Jackson. Her surroundings were comfortable and friendly. Two years after Shirley was born, her family with her newborn brother moved from San Francisco to Burlingame, California, about thirty miles away. "According to her mother, Shirley began to compose verse almost as soon as she could write it" (Friedman, 18). As a child, Shirley was interested in sports and literature. In 1930, a year before she attended Burlingame High School, Shirley began writing poetry and short stories. Jackson enrolled in the liberal arts program at the University of Rochester in 1934. But after periods of unhappiness and questioning the loyalty of her friends, she withdrew from the university. For the next year Shirley worked night and day on her writing. In doing so she established work habits, which she maintained for the rest of her life. After a year of becoming conscientious and disciplined writer, Jackson thought she better return to college for more schooling. In 1937, she entered Syracuse University. At first she was in the School of Journalism, but then she decided to transfer to the English department. For the next two years, while at Syracuse, Shirley published, fifteen pieces in campus magazines and became fiction editor of "The Syracusan", a campus humor magazine. When her position as fiction editor was eliminated, she and fellow classmate Stanley Edgar Hyman began to plan a magazine of literary quality, one that the English Club finally agreed to sponsor. (Friedman, 21) In 1939, the first edition of "The Spectre" was published. Although the magazine became popular, the English department didn't like the biting editorials and critical essays. But inspite of the department's constant watch over the magazine, Leonard Brown, a modern literature teacher, backed the students and the publication. Later, Jackson was always to refer to Brown as her mentor; and in 1959 she dedicated her novel "The Haunting of H ill House" to him.(Oppenheimer, 45) But in the summer of 1940, since Jackson and Hyman were graduating, it was announced the "The Spectre" had been discontinued. "Apparently hard feelings on the part of school authorities lasted for quite some time and may have been one of the reasons why neither Miss Jackson, even after becoming a successful author, nor Mr. Hyman, a known critic, was named as a recipi... ... Yorker. 28 June 1948. p. 292. Janeway, Elizabeth. "The Grotesque Around Us," The New York Times Book Review. 9 October 1966. p. 58. Kittredge, Mary. "The Other Side of Magic: A Few Remarks About Shirley Jackson." Discovering Modern Horror Fiction. Starmont House, New York, 1985. p. 4, 12, 14, 15. Kosenko, Peter. "A Marxist/Feminist Reading of Shirley Jackson's 'The Lottery' ." The New Orleans Review. Spring 1985. p. 225. Nebeker, Helen. " 'The Lottery': Symbolic Tour de France," American Literature: Duke University, North Carolina, 1974. p. 107. Oehlshlaeger, Fritz. "The Stoning of Mistress Hutchinson: Meaning of Context in 'The Lottery'." Essays in Literature. No. 2, Fall, 1988. p. 259, 261. Oppenheimer, Judy. Private Demons: The Life of Shirley Jackson. G.P. Putnam's Sons: New York, 1988. p. 45, 60. Park, John G. "Waiting for the End: Shirley jackson's 'The Sundial'." Critique: Studies in Modern Fiction, No. 3., 1978. p. 21, 22. Wolff, Geoffrey. "Shirley Jackson's 'Magic Style'." The New Leader. No. 17. 9 September 1968. p. 18. Woodruff, Stuart. "The Real Horror Elsewhere: Shirley Jackson's Last Novel." Southwest Review. Spring, 1967. p. 155.

Constructivism And Discovery Learning Education Essay

In 1960 Bruner publishedA The Procedure of Education. This was a landmark book which led to much experimentation and a wide scope of educational plans in the 1960 ‘s. Howard Gardner and other immature research workers worked under Bruner and were much-influenced by his work. In the early 70 ‘s Bruner left Harvard to learn at University of Oxford for several old ages ( 1972 – 1979 ) . He returned to Harvard in 1979.A Subsequently he joined the New York University of Law, where he is a senior research chap ( at the age of 93 ) .A TheoryA Bruner was one of the establishing male parents of constructivist theory.ConstructivismA is a wide conceptual model with legion positions, and Bruner ‘s is merely one. Bruner ‘s theoretical model is based on the subject that scholars construct new thoughts or constructs based upon bing cognition. Learning is an active procedure. Aspects of the procedure include choice and transmutation of information, determination devising, bring forthing hypotheses, and doing intending from information and experiences.A Bruner ‘s theories emphasize the significance of classification in acquisition. â€Å" To comprehend is to categorise, to gestate is to categorise, to larn is to organize classs, to do determinations is to categorise. † Interpreting information and experiences by similarities and differences is a cardinal concept.A Bruner was influenced byA Piaget'sA thoughts about cognitive development in kids. During the 1940 ‘s his early work focused on the impact of demands, motives, & A ; outlooks ( â€Å" mental sets † ) and their influence on perceptual experience. He besides looked at the function of schemes in the procedure of human classification, and development of human knowledge. He presented the point of position that kids are active problem-solvers and capable of researching â€Å" hard topics † . This was widely divergent from the dominant positions in instruction at the clip, but found an audience.A Four Key subjects emerged in Bruner ‘s early work: A Bruner emphasized the function of construction in larning and how it may be made cardinal in learning. Structure refers to relationships among factual elements and techniques. See the subdivision on classification, below.A He introduced the thoughts of â€Å" preparedness for larning † andA coiling course of study. Bruner believed that any topic could be taught at any phase of development in a manner that fit the kid ‘s cognitive abilities. Spiral course of study refers to the thought of revisiting basic thoughts over and over, constructing upon them and lucubrating to the degree of full apprehension and mastery.A Bruner believed that intuitive and analytical thought should both be encouraged and rewarded. He believed the intuitive accomplishments were under-emphasized and he reflected on the ability of experts in every field to do intuitive leaps.A He investigated motive for larning. He felt that ideally, involvement in the capable affair is the best stimulation for larning. Bruner did non like external competitory ends such as classs or category ranking.A Finally Bruner was strongly influenced by Vygotsky ‘s Hagiographas and began to turn away from the intrapersonal focal point he had had for acquisition, and began to follow a societal and political position of larning. Bruner argued that facets of cognitive public presentation are facilitated by linguistic communication. He stressed the importance of the societal scene in the acquisition of linguistic communication. His positions are similar to those ofA Piaget, A but he places more accent on the societal influences on development. The earliest societal scene is the mother-child couple, where kids work out the significances of vocalizations to which they are repeatedly exposed. Bruner identified several of import societal devices including joint attending, common regard, and turn-taking.A Bruner besides incorporated Darwinian thought into his basic premises about acquisition. He believed it was necessary to mention to human civilization and archpriest development in order to understand growing and development. He did, nevertheless, believe there were single differences and that no standard sequence could be found for all scholars. He considered direction as an attempt to help or determine growth.In 1996 he published The Culture of Education.. This book reflected his alterations in point of views since the 1960 ‘s. He adopted the point of position that civilization shapes the head and provides the natural stuff with which we constrict our universe and our self-conception.A Four characteristics of Bruner ‘s theory of instruction.A 1. Sensitivity to larn†¦ . This characteristic specifically states the experiences which move the scholar toward a love of larning in general, or of larning something in peculiar. Motivational, cultural, and personal factors contribute to this. Bruner emphasized societal factors and early instructors and parents ‘ influence on this. He believed acquisition and job work outing emerged out of geographic expedition. Part of the undertaking of a instructor is to keep and direct a kid ‘s self-generated explorations.A 2. Structure of cognition†¦ .it is possible to construction cognition in a manner that enables the scholar to most readily hold on the information. This is a comparative characteristic, as there are many ways to construction a organic structure of cognition and many penchants among scholars. Bruner offered considerable item about structuring knowledge.A Understanding the cardinal construction of a topic makes it more comprehendible. Bruner viewed classification as a cardinal procedure in the structuring of cognition. ( See the subdivision below on classification. ) A Detailss are better retained when placed within the competition of an ordered and structured pattern.A To bring forth cognition which is movable to other contexts, cardinal rules or forms are best suited.A The disagreement between get downing and advanced cognition in a capable country is diminished when direction centres on a construction and rules of orientation. This means that a organic structure of cognition must be in a simple adequate signifier for the scholar to understand it and it must be in a signifier recognizable to the pupil ‘s experience.A 3. Manners of representation: ocular, words, symbols.A 4. Effective sequencing- no 1 sequencing will suit every scholar, but in general, increasing trouble. Sequencing, or deficiency of it, can do larning easier or more difficult.A Form and tempo of reinforcementA Classification: A Bruner gave much attending to classification of information in the building of internal cognitive maps. He believed that perceptual experience, conceptualisation, acquisition, determination devising, and doing illations all involved categorization.A Bruner suggested a system of coding in which people form a hierarchal agreement of related classs. Each in turn higher degree of classs becomes more specific, repeating Benjamin Bloom ‘s apprehension of cognition acquisition every bit good as the related thought of instructional staging ( Bloom ‘s Taxonomy ) .A CategoriesA are â€Å" regulations † that stipulate four thing about objects.A 1. Criterial attributes – required features for inclusion of an object in a class. ( Example, for an object to be included in the class â€Å" auto † it must hold an engine, 4 wheels, and be a possible agency of transit, A 2. The 2nd regulation prescribes how the criteral properties are combined.A 3. The 3rd regulation assignees weight to assorted belongingss. ( Example, it could be a auto even if a tyre was losing, and if it was used for haling lading it would be shifted to a different class of â€Å" truck † or possibly â€Å" new wave † .A 4. The 4th regulation sets acceptance bounds on properties. Some properties can change widely, such as colour. Others are fixed. For illustration a vehicle without an engine is non a auto. Likewise, a vehicle with merely two wheels would non be included in â€Å" auto † .A There a several sorts of classs: A Identity categories – classs include objects based on their properties or features.A Equivalent classs ( supply regulations for uniting classs. Equality can be determined by affectional standards, which render objects tantamount by emotional reactions, functional standards, based on related maps ( for illustration, â€Å" auto † , â€Å" truck † , â€Å" new wave † could all be combined in an inclusive class called â€Å" motor vehicle † ) , or by formal standards, for illustration by scientific discipline, jurisprudence, or cultural understanding. For illustration, and apple is still an apple whether it is green, mature, dried, etc ( individuality ) . It is nutrient ( functional ) , and it is a member of of a botanical categorization group ( formal ) .A Coding systemsA are classs serve to acknowledge centripetal input. They are major organisational variables in higher cognitive operation. Traveling beyond immediate centripetal informations involves doing illations on the footing of related classs. Related classs form a â€Å" cryptography system. † These are hierarchal agreements of related categories.A Bruner ‘s theories introduced the thought that people interpret the universe mostly in footings of similarities and differences.A This is a important part to how persons construct their alone theoretical accounts of the world.A ApplicationA Bruner emphasized four features of effectual direction which emerged from his theoretical constructs.A 1. Personalized: direction should associate to scholars ‘ sensitivity, and facilitate involvement toward larning, A 2. Contented Structure: content should be structured so it can be most easy grasped by the learnerA 3. Sequencing: sequencing is an of import facet for presentation of materialA 4. Support: wagess and penalty should be selected and paced appropriately.A Intellectual DevelopmentA Bruner postulated three phases of rational development.A The first phase he termed â€Å" Enactive † , when a individual learns about the universe through actions on physical objects and the results of these actions.A The 2nd phase was called â€Å" Iconic † where acquisition can be obtained through utilizing theoretical accounts and pictures.A The concluding phase was â€Å" Symbolic † in which the scholar develops the capacity to believe in abstract footings. Based on this three-stage impression, Bruner recommended utilizing a combination of concrete, pictural so symbolic activities will take to more effectual learning.A Bruner, J. ( 1960 ) . The Procedure of Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University PressA Harley, 1995A hypertext transfer protocol: //tip.psychology.org/bruner.htmlA LeFrancois, 1972A Sahakian, 1976 The Importance of Language Language is of import for the increased ability to cover with abstract concepts.BrunerA argues thatA languageA can code stimulations and free an person from the restraints of covering merely with visual aspects, to supply a more complex yet flexible knowledge. The usage of words can help the development of the constructs they represent and can take the restraints of the â€Å" here & amp ; now † construct. Basically, he sees the baby as an intelligent & A ; active job convergent thinker from birth, with rational abilities fundamentally similar to those of the mature grownup. Harmonizing to Bruner the kid represents the universe to himself in three different ways. Educational Deductions of Bruner ‘s Theory For Bruner ( 1961 ) , the intent of instruction is non to leave cognition, but alternatively to ease a kid ‘s thought and job resolution accomplishments which can so be transferred to a scope of state of affairss. Specifically, instruction should besides develop symbolic thought in kids. In 1960 Bruner ‘s text, A The Procedure of EducationA was published. The chief premiss of Bruner ‘s text was that pupils are active scholars who construct their ain cognition. Bruner ( 1960 ) opposedA Piaget'sA impression of preparedness. He argued that schools waste clip seeking to fit the complexness of capable stuff to a kid ‘s cognitive phase of development. This means pupils are held back by instructors as certain subjects are deemed to hard to understand and must be taught when the instructor believes the kid has reached the appropriate province of cognitive adulthood. Bruner ( 1960 ) adopts a different position and believes a kid ( of any age ) is capable of understanding complex information: A ‘We Begin with the hypothesis that any topic can be taught efficaciously in some intellectually honorable signifier to any kid at any phase of development ‘ . ( p. 33 ) Bruner ( 1960 ) explained how this was possible through the construct of theA coiling course of study. This involved information being structured so that complex thoughts can be taught at a simplified degree foremost, and so re-visited at more complex degrees subsequently on. Therefore, topics would be taught at degrees of bit by bit increasing difficultly ( hence the coiling analogy ) . Ideally learning his manner should take to kids being able to work out jobs by themselves. Bruner ( 1961 ) proposes that scholars ‘ construct their ain cognition and make this by forming and categorising information utilizing a cryptography system. Bruner believe that the most consequence manner to develop a cryptography system is to detect it instead than being told it by the instructor. The construct ofA find learningA implies that pupils construct their ain cognition for themselves ( besides known as a constructist attack ) . The function of the instructor should non be to learn information by rote acquisition, but alternatively to ease the acquisition procedure. This means that a good instructor will plan lessons that help student detect the relationship between spots of information. To make this a instructor must give pupils the information they need, but without forming for them. The usage of the coiling course of study can help the procedure ofA find acquisition. Bruner and Vygotsky Both Bruner and Vygotsky emphasise a kid ‘s environment, particularly the societal environment, more than Piaget did. Both agree that grownups should play an active function in helping the kid ‘s acquisition. Bruner, like Vygotksy, emphasised the societal nature of acquisition, mentioning that other people should assist a kid develop accomplishments through the procedure ofA scaffolding. The term scaffolding foremost appeared in the literature when Wood, Bruner and Ross described how coachs ‘ interacted with pre-schooler to assist them work out a block Reconstruction job ( Wood et al. , 1976 ) . The construct of staging is really similar toA Vygotsky'sA impression of theA zone of proximal development, and it non uncommon for the footings to be used interchangeably.ScaffoldingA involves helpful, structured interaction between an grownup and a kid with the purpose of assisting the kid achieve a specific end. Difference Between Bruner and Piaget Obviously there are similarities betweenA PiagetA and Bruner, but an importantdifferenceA is that Bruner ‘s manners are non related in footings of which presuppose the 1 that precedes it. Whilst sometimes one manner may rule in use, they co-exist. Bruner states that what determines the degree of rational development is the extent to which the kid has been given appropriate direction together with pattern or experience. So – the right manner of presentation and the right account will enable a kid to hold on a construct normally merely understood by an grownup. His theory stresses the function of instruction and the grownup. AlthoughA Bruner proposesA phases of cognitive development, he does n't see them as stand foring different separate manners of idea at different points of development ( like Piaget ) . Alternatively, he sees a gradual development of cognitive accomplishments and techniques into more incorporate â€Å" grownup † cognitive techniques. Bruner viewsA symbolic representationA as important for cognitive development and since linguistic communication is our primary agencies of typifying the universe, he attaches great importance to linguistic communication in finding cognitive development.BRUNER AGREES WITH PIAGETBRUNER DISAGREES WITH PIAGET1. Childs are PRE-ADAPTED to larn 1. Development is a CONTINUOUS PROCESS – non a series of phases 2. Childs have a NATURAL CURIOSITY 2. The development of LANGUAGE is a cause non a effect of cognitive development 3. Children ‘s COGNITIVE STRUCTURES develop over clip 3. You can SPEED-UP cognitive development. You do n't hold to wait for the kid to be ready 4. Childs are Active participants in the acquisition procedure 4. The engagement of ADULTS and MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE PEERS makes a large difference 5. Cognitive development entails the acquisition of SYMBOLS 5. Symbolic idea does NOT REPLACE EARLIER MODES OF REPRESENTATION

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce

The story Portrait of the Artist as Young Man is set in the Ireland at the beginning of the 20th century. Readers are introduced to the character of Stephen Dedalus, a young Irish boy from a Catholic family. The family is impoverished because of his father is incompetent. The family constantly moves from one place to another because of their poverty.Mary Dedalus, Stephen’s mother is a pious Catholic. The Dedalus children were taught by Mrs. Riordan (or Dante) their governess, also a devout Catholic. Their Uncle Charles stays with them. The opening paragraphs start out with a stream of consciousness by Stephen as a young boy.The next time Stephen appears is during his stay at a boarding school in Clangowes. He suffers from homesickness, and bullying because of his measly frame and basically just unable to fit in the society of the boarding school. He is pushed by a bully into a cesspool that caused him to be sick but does not tell his teachers about it.During Christmas, he join s the adult table for the first time. The dinner turns ugly when a heated debate about politics among the adults started. Back at the boarding school, Stephen is hit by Father Dolan, the prefect of the boarding school. He tells this incident to Father Conmee, the rector of the boarding of the boarding school. His classmates admired this act.His family’s continued financial woes took its toll on Stephen. He was unable to return to the boarding school in Clangowes. Stephen, along with the rest of the family moves to Blackrock. Stephen enjoyed walks with his Uncle Charles in their new place. He plays imaginary adventures with Aubrey Mills, their neighbor in Blackrock.Yet again, just a few years after their move to Blackrock, they move again, this time to Dublin. This is where he meets Emma Clere, the girl that would greatly enthral Stephen throughout the story. Somehow his father managed to enrol Stephen into Belvedere College.It was only in Belvedere where Stephen comes out of his shell, he became a leader and is active in theatre and literature. Stephen still feels alone even if he excels in those fields.As an adolescent young man, he got exposed to sex and is greatly fascinated by it, until finally he loses his virginity to prostitute.Stephen becomes addicted to sex. Although he knows that what he is doing is wrong he can’t control himself or rather he does not want to. After some time, he hears a sermon from Father Arnall, his former Latin teacher back in Clongowes. The priests talks about how terrible hell is. Stephen is horrified. He suddenly changes from a sex addict person to a religious person.

knowledge about Solar Power and advantages of using natural energy The WritePass Journal

knowledge about Solar Power and advantages of using natural energy Abstract knowledge about Solar Power and advantages of using natural energy AbstractAims and objectivesIntroductionHistory of Solar PowerTypes of Solar PowerSolar thermal:Solar electricity:Advantages of Solar Power:Future of Solar Power: Conclusions:References:Related Abstract This report is about Solar Power. Reader would be interested in reading this report because nowadays natural energy is very important and its’ importance increases every day. In report are included advantages, types, future and history of solar power. As well reader will find information about how solar thermal power works and what is the function of the photovoltaic panels. Also there is a comparison between Solar Power and other types of power sources. That will help you to understand importance of natural energy.   Nowadays Solar Power is not as popular, as it will be in the future, because installation of systems to get energy from sun costs a lot. These factors are also introduced in this work, to show, that people must pay more attention on natural energy, to reduce price and take all advantages of it. Aims and objectives This project was designed to generate knowledge about Solar Power and to learn advantages of using natural energy. The objective is to explain people how to acquaint reader with solar power using examples and interesting facts.    Introduction For thousands of years, people have been using sun for simple needs, such as drying clothes and growing food. But only less than age ago, people have been able to use it for generating power. Majority of people are used to use fossil fuels and are not interested in using new sources of energy. But they would change their opinions and their habits after they learned more about damage made by fossil fuels and all the benefits of natural materials.    History of Solar Power Many consumers thinks that solar power is a relatively new power source but thats not true. The sun has been known to be a source of energy dating back to ancient times. The ancient Greek were the first to use solar power to their benefit, as they built their houses into the side of hills to take advantage of the heat storage from the sun during the day that would then be released during the night. The ancient Romans were the first people to use glass windows to steal the warmth of the sun in their homes. They were so serious about the preservation of this solar energy that they erected glass houses to create the right conditions to grow plants and seeds. While people were benefiting from solar power, the first solar collector was built only in 1776. The collector was built by a gentleman called Horace de Saussare. This invention attracted much interest in the scientific community through the 19th century. In the interest of making use of solar power, Auguste Mouchout created a steam engine that was powered only by solar energy in 1861. This was an exciting event, but the invention was very expensive and it could not be reproduced or even maintained so the steam engine was quickly forgotten. It was during the later half of the 1950’s that solar power saw its first mainstream usage. The first solar water heated office building was built during this time by an architect named Frank Bridgers. A short time later a small satellite of the US Vanguard was powered by a solar cell of less than one watt. After such big strides in the 1950’s, the solar power really took off,   because of cheap oil prices in the 1960’s, it was more affordable for people to power their homes with oil than it was to power their homes or offices with solar energy. There was a rebirth of the solar power in the 1970’s with the steadily increased oil prices; in fact the US Department of Energy financed the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program. This program was responsible for the installation and testing of over 3,000 photovoltaic systems. The 1990’s brought an even more mainstream interest in solar power. Solar power was seen as a great alternative to oil and petroleum products. During the 1990’s over one million homes had some form of solar power installed. Today, solar energy is one of the most useful and commonly used source of energy all over the world. Types of Solar Power Solar thermal: Solar thermal power is the process of taking heat from the sun to generate energy.  This type of solar thermal power is usually installed in homes to reduce the cost of heating and cooling the dwelling.  Ã‚  In many cases solar thermal power is used to power the hot water system in a home. Solar thermal power can be used in a passive or active mode.  Ã‚  A passive type of solar thermal system will use the convection to circulate the water where the active water heater uses a pump to circulate the water.  Ã‚  Solar thermal power is also used to power turbines and even some machinery. Solar electricity: Solar panels and are used to convert sunlight into electricity; this is probably the most commonly seen type of solar power.  Ã‚  This electricity can be used to power many different things in a home, such as appliances.  This conversion of sunlight into electricity is done through the photovoltaic panels. Advantages of Solar Power: The most obvious advantage is that solar power is a renewable resource. The sun is available the world over and even though it may go behind clouds and it may go down at night, the sun is still available consistently enough to provide the power we need. In fact, the sun provides more energy than the whole world currently uses! Another awesome benefit of using solar power is that it doesn’t pollute the environment in which we live. Solar power is not associated with toxins or greenhouse gasses like other forms of power are. Solar power is the only type of power that is not harmful to the environment. An amazing thing about solar power is that it is free. You don’t have to pay for the sun. If you simply use solar panels or lights you don’t have to pay to run them. You do have to pay for the installation, but once this is done you get the power for free. In addition, solar cells don’t require the maintenance and they can last a life time so there is relatively little expense associated with solar power. Another often overlooked advantage of solar power is that it is a silent type power. There is no need to use heavy machinery, as is the case when drilling for oil; the solar power just relies on the sun, which is silent. While most people don’t think about noise, when there is an absence of it suddenly we realize how noisy energy production currently is. Future of Solar Power: Solar energy has been used in some form or another since ancient times but the solar energy future remains wide open. The reason for this is that there are so many variables associated with how mainstream solar energy usage becomes.   The biggest deciding factor of solar energy in the future is its cost. Current critics of solar energy state that overall coal and other fossil fuels are just much more affordable, but while fossil fuels may be more economical in the short term, the damage on the environment must be considered!!! Fortunately, the cost of solar power is coming down, which means that the future of solar power is looking good. How quickly solar power is the rule not the exception really has to do with cost. The more that the government pushes consumers toward a fossil free future, the more attention solar power will get and the more attempts will be made to reduce the cost and increase the production of solar power.    Conclusions: In conclusion, the advantages of solar power are vast and far reaching. Not only does this type of power benefit the individual and their home, it benefits the environment that we all live in. Solar power could not only make energy costs plummet for one and all, it could make the earth a better place to be in the long run. References: Miss K. L. Barraclough â€Å"A guide to report writing for first year†, School of engineering, design and technology, The University of Bradford. Mrs Elizabeth Gadd â€Å"An example report† Loughborough University Library, November 2008. darvill.clara.net/altenerg/solar.htm Perlin, John (1999). From Space to Earth (The Story of Solar Electricity). Harvard University Press Halacy, Daniel (1973). The Coming Age of Solar Energy. Harper and Row. Mazria, Edward (1979). The Passive Solar Energy Book. Rondale Press Bolton, James (1977). Solar Power and Fuels. Academic Press

Albert Gallatin Inspired the Age of Canals in America

Albert Gallatin Inspired the Age of Canals in America An era of canal building in the United States began in the early 1800s, helped along to a considerable degree by a report written by Thomas Jefferson’s secretary of the treasury, Albert Gallatin. The young country was hobbled by a horrendous transportation system which made it difficult, or even impossible, for farmers and small manufacturers to move goods to market. American roads at the time were rough and unreliable, often little more than obstacle courses hacked out of the wilderness. And reliable transportation by water was often out of the question due to rivers that were impassable at points of waterfalls and rapids. In 1807 the U.S. Senate passed a resolution calling upon the treasury department to compile a report proposing ways that the federal government could address the transportation problems in the nation. The report by Gallatin drew upon the experience of Europeans, and helped inspire Americans to begin building canals. Ultimately the railroads made canals less useful, if not entirely obsolete. But Americans canals were successful enough that when the Marquis de Lafayette returned to America  in 1824, one of the sights Americans wanted to show him were new canals that made commerce possible. Gallatin Was Assigned to Study Transportation Albert Gallatin, a brilliant man serving in Thomas Jefferson’s cabinet, was thus handed a task he apparently approached with great eagerness. Gallatin, who was born in Switzerland in 1761, had held a variety of governmental posts. And before entering the political world, he had a varied career, at one point running a rural trading post and later teaching French at Harvard. With his experience in commerce, not to mention his European background, Gallatin fully understood that for the United States to become a major nation, it needed to have efficient transportation arteries. Gallatin was familiar with the canal systems which had been built in Europe in the late 1600s and 1700s. France had built canals which made it possible to transport wine, lumber, farm goods, lumber, and other essential products throughout the country. The British had followed Frances lead, and by 1800 English entrepreneurs were busy constructing what would become a thriving network of canals. Gallatins Report Was Startling His 1808 landmark Report on Roads, Canals, Harbors, and Rivers was astounding in its scope. In more than 100 pages, Gallatin detailed a vast array of what today would be called infrastructure projects. Some of the projects Gallatin proposed were: A series of canals parallel to the Atlantic coast from New York City to South CarolinaA major turnpike from Maine to GeorgiaA series of inland canals heading to OhioA canal crossing New York stateImprovements to make rivers, including the Potomac, Susquehanna, James, and Santee, passable to major river navigation The entire projected expense for all the construction work proposed by Gallatin was $20 million, an astronomical sum at the time. Gallatin suggested spending $2 million a year for ten years, and also selling stock in the various turnpikes and canals to finance their eventual upkeep and improvements. Gallatins Report Was Far Ahead of Its Time Gallatin’s plan was a marvel, but very little of it was actually implemented. In fact, Gallatins plan was widely criticized as folly, as it would require a vast outlay of government funds. Thomas Jefferson, although an admirer of Gallatins intellect, thought his treasury secretarys plan might be unconstitutional. In Jeffersons view, such vast spending by the federal government on public works would only be possible after amending the Constitution to allow for it. While Gallatins plan was seen as wildly impractical when it was submitted in 1808, it became the inspiration for many later projects. For instance, the Erie Canal was eventually built across New York state and opened in 1825, but it was built with state, not federal funds. Gallatins idea of a series of canals running along the Atlantic coast was never implemented, but the eventual creation of the intra-coastal waterway essentially made Gallatins idea a reality. The Father of The National Road Albert Gallatin’s vision of a great national turnpike running from Maine to Georgia may have seem utopian in 1808, but it was an early vision of the interstate highway system. And Gallatin did get to implement one major road building project, the National Road which was started in 1811. Work began in western Maryland, at the town of Cumberland, with construction crews moving both eastward, toward Washington, DC, and westward, toward Indiana. The National Road, which was also called the Cumberland Road, was finished, and became a major artery. Wagons of farm products could be brought east. And many settlers and emigrants headed west along its route. The National Road lives on today. It is now the route of US 40 (which was eventually extended to reach the west coast). Later Career and Legacy of Albert Gallatin After serving as treasury secretary for Thomas Jefferson, Gallatin held ambassadorial posts under presidents Madison and Monroe. He was instrumental in negotiating the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812. Following decades of government service, Gallatin moved to New York City where he became a banker and also served as president of the the New York Historical Society. He died in 1849, having lived long enough to see some of his visionary ideas become reality. Albert Gallatin is regarded as one of the most influential treasury secretaries in American history. A statue of Gallatin stands today in Washington, D.C., before the U.S. Treasury building.

Business Plan #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Plan #3 - Essay Example In this kind of environment where employees are motivated, there is increased productivity, more inventions and creativity within the company, staff’s potential is unleashed as they can freely express their opinions and views and ensure that they have been taken seriously. Employees can change their negative attitude about the work and start working in a positive way. When employees are motivated, they have got the urge to stay longer at the organization instead of resigning. Motivated workers will hardly miss at the workstation and will not go for absenteeism as compared to demoralized workers. It is through motivation that the managers will improve the standard of weak performers in the organization. They will closely monitor their work; try to find if the underperforming staffs understands the job description they are doing. After this analysis, the manager will come out with the conclusion that best suites each staff. Managers have a responsibility of challenging their staff to achieve the best. This mechanism makes them as leaders, and role models to their juniors. When managers assign leadership roles to their juniors it really motivates them, and they have a desire to be like their managers and this really helps them to be confident at the workplace. Organizations where employees are allowed to have fun and organize retreats for themselves helps to break the monotony of the work and gives them to rejuvenate themselves. For example, inter - departmental parties, retreats or activities that bonds the staff to work as a family rather than more of workplace. It is important for senior staff to applause the efforts of their juniors. Through this, the junior staff feels appreciated and recognized. Applauding their efforts means they are rewarded by promotions or gifts. In a business setting, for example, in an audit firm, your staff will be mostly accountants. Due

Understanding Challenges In The Third Sector Essay - 4

Understanding Challenges In The Third Sector - Essay Example I realized that human resource is a challenge to the third sector. Specifically, distinction between the role of the volunteer and the regular employees often bring many challenges (Tilly, 2011 p 23). among them include planning the activities of the agency with the volunteers. The agency depends on the human resource in running its activities an aspect that makes reliance on the volunteers quite challenging. As the name suggest, a volunteer may seize to be a staff of the agency. I think soliciting funds is a challenge to the agency because it has a direct impact on running the activity of the organizations. Before the children get into the hands of their adopters, for instance, they live under the care of the agency. This means that the agency has to solicit funds that can sustain the program. Moreover, the agency does know when the adopters would knock at the agency’s door. I think this explains the reasons for allocating funds for nearly every person under the umbrella of the organization. Although third sector has been in place for a number of years, lack of understanding between funders and state based purchasers makes the running of the agency quite hard. I believe that this misconception is worrying because it shifts the attention of either group, an aspect that might dent the functions of the organization. Arguably, lack of awareness among the main players contributes to this situation (Tilly, 2011 p12). Further, the recognition of the brands used by the third sector is an important step that would help in changing the situation. I think formalization of the activities of the firm would not only influence the future state of the firm, but also change the present trends in handling issues within the agency. I think distinction between the beneficiaries and the other persons is gnawing at the agency. In turn, the reverberation of this challenge affects normal activities

Ethics of selling body parts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics of selling body parts - Research Paper Example There are many avenues both legal and illegal that human body products can be sold through. According to () the amount of money one receives for trading in human body parts is in proportional to the risk involved. This source of income can be tapped again and again. The global trade in organs opens a large market worldwide with both legal and ethical issues. Being a living laboratory compared to no other laboratory known it can produce products such as Kidneys, blood, ovum, sperms, hair, also prostitution is said to be trade in human body parts and others such as surrogacy. These body parts are are sold through illegal and legal avenues. The human baby is made from a biological combination of sperm and ovum, thus there is no product made from scratch by factories. Good percentage of people who want children are unable to get hence they are helped by science but the important ingredients have to be used. Infertility science has improved so much such that it has developed into a multib illion ventures for entrepreneurs in this business. Buying of biological fathers has been made easier with the availability of sperm banks. A client chose a biological father depending on personality, education, ethnicity among many other factors; this is because when woman buys a sperm she is buying that mans medical history and genes. Screening is thorough in the legal markets for sperms. Ovum donation also referred to as egg donation, involves risks of infection and injuries to the donor, though it is a fifteen minute operation. But even with the modern invitro fertilization methods, many implanted embryos fail to hatch in the recipient’s womb. This technology enables women who are barren to get children.egg donors earn monthly for every months work, they can earn between $3000-$8000 dollars a month, but this is not a task for the squeamish. Man’s obsession with beauty has opened a large market for hair business. There are options for auctioning ones hair. Hair trad e is a multimillion dollar business and probably hair is the easiest body part to harvest and even to sell, depending on the texture of the hair. Prostitution is the oldest trade in human body parts that is practiced the world over but this is a service product. Other human body parts traded in are, the kidneys and the heart, which are done through kidney and heart transplant respectively, it involves a lot of risks to both the donor and the recipient hence it is very expensive for the recipient. for the heart the donor cannot remain alive hence it has not gained popularity because it is 100% risky and very expensive for one to afford .it is not like kidney transplant where the risk is not much since only one kidney is removed. Others like surrogacy involves provision of raw materials for human life, the only body parts sold here the hormones responsible for baby formation, maintenance and renting of the womb. The surrogate mother undergoes a grueling experience for nine